目的：观察表面麻醉下不同吸氧方式对白内障超声乳化手术患者生命体征变化的影响，探讨适宜的超声乳化手术中吸氧的方式。方法：选取2020年4月至2020年9月于中山大学中山眼科中心行白内障超声乳化摘除术的患者291例，随机分成3组，分别为简易面罩吸氧组(面罩组)97例、鼻导管吸氧(鼻导管组)97例、无吸氧组(对照组)97例，其中面罩组和鼻导管组的吸氧流量均为氧流量2~4 L/min。监测患者进入手术室时(T0)、手术开始时(T1)以及手术结束时(T2)的血压、心率以及血氧饱和度(SpO2)。结果：三组患者在进入手术间时生命体征差异无统计学意义，三组患者术中 血压变化不显著(P>0.05)。在T2时点，氧气吸入的患者其SpO2高于对照组(P<0.05)，但均在正常范围内。结论：表面麻醉下白内障超声乳化手术的患者在无严重基础疾病的情况下，术中适当吸氧及监测血流动力学可以增加患者的舒适度及临床安全，对患者使用的吸氧方式应以不影响术中操 作及患者舒适度的方式。

Objective: To observe the effects of different oxygen inhalation methods on the changes of vital signs in adult patients undergoing phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia, and to explore the appropriate oxygen inhalation methods in phacoemulsification. Methods: A total of 291 patients who underwent phacoemulsification for cataract extraction in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University from  April 2020 to September 2020 were randomly divided into 3 groups: the simple mask oxygen inhalation group (n=97), the nasal catheter oxygen inhalation group (n=97), and the oxygen-free group (n=97). The oxygen flow of the mask group and the nasal catheter group was 2–4 L/min. Blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were monitored at entry into the operating room (T0), at the beginning of surgery (T1), and at the end of surgery (T2). Results: There was no significant difference in vital signs among the 3 groups when entering the operating room, and no significant change in intraoperative blood pressure among the 3 groups (P>0.05). At T2, the blood oxygen saturation of patients with oxygen inhalation was higher than that of the oxygen-free group (P<0.05), but within the normal range. Conclusion: For cataract phacoemulsification patients under topical anesthesia without serious comorbidities, appropriate oxygen inhalation and monitoring hemodynamics can increase the comfort and safety of patients, and oxygen inhalation should be used without affecting surgery manipulation and comfort of patient. 

目的：探索局部麻醉辅助小剂量丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼镇静镇痛在成人斜视矫正术中的应用效果。方法：本研究为前瞻性队列研究，选取2020年10月1日至2021年5月31日于北京同仁医院行斜视矫正术的成年患者24例，单纯局部麻醉组、镇静镇痛组各12例。所有患者均应用2%利多卡因10 mL+0.1% 肾上腺素0.1 mL混合液进行眼部局部浸润注射，静脉滴注昂丹司琼8 mg。镇静镇痛组患者静脉滴注咪达唑仑1 mg、舒芬太尼5 μg，继之以丙泊酚0.6~3 mg/(kg·h)、瑞芬太尼0.01~0.05 μg/(kg·min)持续输注，使Ramsay镇静分级维持在II级。记录两组患者术中视觉模拟评分(visual analog scale，VAS)、脑电双频指数(bispectral index，BIS)、术者满意度评分及调节眼位配合度评分，术中恶心呕吐、眼心反射、呼吸抑制、血压心率等情况，以及丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼输注速度。结果：镇静镇痛组患者丙泊酚持续输注速度为0.6~1.8 mg/(kg·h)，瑞芬太尼持续输注速度为0.01~0.03 μg/(kg·min)。镇静镇痛组患者 术中VAS、BIS、心率增快发生率均低于单纯局部麻醉组(P<0.05)，术者满意度评分、血压下降发生率均高于单纯局部麻醉组(P<0.05)；两组患者术中恶心呕吐、眼心反射、呼吸抑制、血压升高发生率及调节眼位配合度评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论：在成人斜视矫正术中，局部麻醉辅 助小剂量丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼镇静镇痛可有效减轻患者术中疼痛，作用安全可靠。

Objective: To explore the effect of local anesthesia assisted with sedation and analgesia of low-dose propofol combined with remifentanil in adult strabismus surgery. Methods: This study was a prospective cohort study. Twenty-four adult patients who underwent strabismus surgery in Beijing Tongren Hospital from October 1, 2020 to May 31, 2021 were selected and divided into local anesthesia group, and sedation and analgesia group, eachwith 12 patients. All patients received local anesthesia with a mixture of 2% lidocaine 10 mL and 0.1% epinephrine 0.1 mL, and intravenous ondansetron 8 mg. Patients in the sedation and analgesia group received intravenous infusion of midazolam 1mg and sufentanil 5 μg, followed by continuous infusion of propofol 0.6–3 mg/(kg·h) and remifentanil 0.01~0.05 μg/(kg·min) to maintain Ramsay sedation score at grade II. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), bispectral index (BIS), operator’s satisfaction score, patient’s coordination score, nausea and vomiting, oculocardiac reflex, respiratory depression, blood pressure, heart rate and the infusion rate of propofol and remifentanil during operation were recorded in these two groups. Results: In the sedative and analgesic group, the infusion rates of propofol and remifentanil were 0.6–1.8 mg/(kg·h) and 0.01–0.03 μg/(kg·min), respectively. VAS, BIS and the incidence of increased heart rate in the sedation and analgesia group were lower than those in the local anesthesia group (P<0.05); operator’s satisfaction score and the incidence of decreased blood pressure in the sedation and analgesia group were higher than those in the local anesthesia group (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in the incidence of intraoperative nausea and vomiting, oculocardiac reflex, respiratory depression, elevated blood pressure and patient’s coordination score between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: In adult strabismus surgery, local anesthesia assisted with sedation and analgesia of low-dose propofol combined with remifentanil can effectively relieve intraoperative pain, which is safe and reliable.

目的：基于新一代Corvis^® ST分析成人近视患者经飞秒激光小切口角膜透镜取出术(small incision corneal lens extraction，SMILE)后角膜体(corneal volumn，CV)的变化与角膜生物力学变化的相关性，进一步证明C V对于评估SMILE术后角膜生物力学特性以及预测屈光手术结果的价值。方法：采用前瞻性病例观察研究方法，纳入2021年1月至8月在佛山市第二人民医院拟行SMILE的成人近视患者72例(72眼)。为避免双眼相关性，纳入患者的一个合适眼(右眼或者左眼)，根据术前中央角膜厚度，将厚度470~<530 μm分为低角膜厚度组，530~<560 μm为中角膜厚度组 ， ≥560μm为高角膜厚度组。应用新一代 Corvis^® ST 于术前和术后3个月测量非接触生物力学校正眼压(biomechanical intraocular pressure，bIOP)、2 mm处变形幅度的比值[DA ratiomax(2 mm)，DA2ratio]、综合半径(integrated inverse concave radius，IR)、水平方向Ambr?sio相关厚度，最薄点厚度/厚度变化率(Ambrósio’s relational thickness，ARTh)、第1次压平时角膜硬度参数(stiffness parameter applanation 1，SP-A1)、Corvis生物力学指数(Corvis biomechanical index，CBI)和应力和应变参数(stress-strain index，SSI)7项角膜生物力学参数。应用Pentacam眼前节分析系统测量中央角膜厚度(central corneal thickness，CCT)和不同区域的CV(CV_3mm、CV_5mm、CV_7mm和CV_10mm)。对比SMILE术前与术后3个月的CV、角膜生物力学参数的变化，并分析角膜生物力学参数与CV的相关性。数据采用配对、独立样本t检验分析差异性；单因素方差分析不同角膜厚度组的差异性；Spearman相关性分析和偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares linear regression，PLSLR)分析相关性。结果：SMILE术后3个月，CV_3mm、CV_5mm、CV_7mm和CV_10mm均较术前显著下降(均P<0.001)；bIOP、ARTh、SP-A1和SSI较术前明显下降(P<0.05)；DA2ratio、IR和CBI较术前明显升高(P<0.05)。术前和术后3个月不同角膜厚度组的ARTh、SP-A1DA2ratio、IR和CBI差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)，低中角膜厚度组SSI术前后变化不大(P>0.05)。术前DA2ratio与CV_3mm、CV_5mm呈负相关，与CV_10mm呈正相关；ARTh与CV_3mm、CV_5mm呈正相关，与CV_10mm呈负相关；bIOP与CV_10mm呈正相关；IR与CV_3mm、CV_5mm呈负相关，与CV_10mm呈正相关；SP-A1与CV_3mm、CV_5mm呈正相关，与CV_10mm呈负相关；CBI与CV_3mm、CV_5mm和CV_10mm呈负相关，SSI与CV_3mm呈正相关，与CV_10mm呈负相关。SMILE术后3个月，ARTh与CV_3mm、CV_5mm呈正相关，与CV_10mm呈负相关；CBI与CV_3mm负相关、CV_10mm呈正相关(均P<0.05)。SMILE术后3个月变化量中，ARTh与CV_3mm、CV_5mm呈正相关，与CV_10mm负相关；CBI与CV_3mm呈负相关，与CV_10mm呈正相关(均P<0.05)。结论：成人SMILE术后3个月CV_3mm、CV_5mm、CV_7mm、CV_10mm、眼压和CCT较术前均显著降低；越往周边区域CV减少量越多。SMILE术后3个月的新一代Corvis^® ST角膜生物力学新型参数较术前有显著变化；不同区域CV与角膜生物力学参数存在一定的相关性，预期SMILE术后不同区域的CV可以表征术后部分角膜生物力学特性的改变，CV可能成为表征预测角膜扩张发展的参数因素。

Objective: To evaluate the changes in corneal volume (CV) and the correlation of corneal biomechanics in adult myopic patients after small incision corneal lens extraction (SMILE) based on the new generation of Corvis^® ST.This paper further demonstrates the value of CV in evaluating corneal biomechanical properties after SMILE and predicting the outcome of refractive surgery. Methods: A total of 72 cases (72 eyes) of adult myopia who were scheduled for SMILE in The Second People’s Hospital of Foshan from January to August 2021 were included in this prospective observational case study. To avoid binocular correlation, a suitable eye for each person was selected for inclusion. Based on the preoperative central corneal thickness (CCT), the cases were divided into a low corneal thickness group (470–<530 μm), a medium corneal thickness group (530–<560 μm), and a high corneal thickness group (≥560 μm). The biomechanical intraocular pressure (bIOP), DA ratiomax (2 mm) (DA2ratio), integrated inverse concave radius (IR), Ambrósio’s relational thickness (ARTh), stiffness parameter applanation 1 (SP-A1),corvis biomechanical index (CBI) and stress-strain index (SSI) were measured by Corvis^® ST. The Pentacam anterior segment analysis system was used to measure partial CV and total CV with a diameter of 3, 5, and 7 mm from the top of the cornea, with an assumed diameter of 10 mm. The changes in corneal biomechanical parameters and CV before SMILE and 3 months after SMILE were compared. The correlation between corneal biomechanical parameters and CV was studied. Data were analyzed by paired and independent sample t-tests. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the differences between the corneal thickness groups. Spearman correlation analysis and partial least squares linear regression (PLSLR) were used for correlation analyses. Results: Three months after SMILE, the CV in different areas (CV_3mm, CV_5mm, CV_7mm, and CV_10mm) were significantly lower than those before SMILE, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.001). The corneal biomechanical parameters bIOP, ARTh, SP-A1, and SSI were significantly decreased compared with those before the operation (P<0.05). In contrast, the DA2 ratio, IR, and CBI were significantly higher than those before the operation (P<0.05). A comparison of the corneal biomechanical parameters ARTh, SP-A1, DA2 ratio, IR, and CBI in the different corneal thickness groups before and after SMILE showed overall differences among the groups (P<0.05).However, there was no significant change in the SSI between the low and medium corneal thickness groups. The correlation of the preoperative baseline DA2ratio was negatively correlated with CV_3mm and CV_5mm, and positively correlated with CV_10mm; Conversely, ARTh was positively correlated with CV_3mm and CV_5mm, and negatively correlated with CV_10mm; BIOP was positively correlated with CV_10mm; IR was negatively correlated with CV_3mm and CV_5mm, and positively correlated with CV_10mm; SP-A1 was positively correlated with CV_3mm and CV_5mm, and negatively correlated with CV_10mm; CBI was negatively correlated with CV_3mm, CV_5mm, and CV_10mm, while SSI was positively correlated with CV_3mm and negatively correlated with CV_10mm (all P<0.05). At 3 months after SMILE, ARTh was positively correlated with CV_3mm and CV_5mm, and negatively correlated with CV_10mm; CBI was negatively correlated with CV_3mm, and positively correlated with CV_10mm (all P<0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that at 3 months after SMILE, CV_3mm, CV_5mm, CV_7mm, CV_10mm, intraocular pressure, and CCT in the central and peripheral areas decreased significantly compared with to those before the operation, and the more peripheral the area, the more the CV decreased. Three months after SMILE, the new corneal biomechanical parameters of the new generation Corvis^® ST changed significantly compared to those before the operation, and there was a certain correlation between CV in different regions and corneal biomechanical parameters. It is expected that CV in different regions after SMILE can characterize some changes in corneal biomechanical properties after SMILE, and CV may become a parameter factor for characterizing and predicting the development of corneal dilatation.

目的：观察盐酸艾司氯胺酮联合丙泊酚在小儿眼睑肿物刮除术中的临床应用效果，评价盐酸艾司氯胺酮联合丙泊酚在小儿眼睑肿物刮除术麻醉中的有效性和安全性。方法：选择2020年11月至2021年7月在佛山市第二人民医院择期行眼睑肿物刮除术的70例患儿，随机分为A组和B组，每组35例。A组采用七氟烷联合丙泊酚复合麻醉，B组采用盐酸艾司氯胺酮联合丙泊酚复合麻醉。记录两组患儿诱导时间、手术时间、苏醒时间、复苏总时间；监测麻醉前、麻醉后5 min、手术开始前、手术结束后患儿血流动力学及呼吸频率变化；记录两组患儿苏醒后即刻、返回病房即刻的东安大略儿童医院疼痛评分量表(Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale，CHEOPS)疼痛评分、躁动评分、恶心呕吐评分。结果：两组患儿麻醉诱导时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)；两组患儿麻醉过程中血流动力学水平、呼吸频率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)；B组患儿苏醒时间、复苏总时间均明显低于A组(P<0.05)；B组患儿苏醒后即刻及返回病房即刻CHEOPS疼痛评分、躁动评分、恶心呕吐评分均明显低于A组(P<0.05)。另外，B组患儿术后出现恶心呕吐概率低于A组(P<0.05)。结论：盐酸艾司氯胺酮联合丙泊酚应用于小儿眼睑肿物刮除术麻醉，能提供良好麻醉镇痛效果，降低躁动反应和恶心呕吐的发生

Objective: To investigate the anesthetic effect and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination application of esketamine and propofol in curettage of eyelid tumors of children. Methods: This study selected 70 children who underwent elective eyelid tumor curettage in Foshan Second People’s Hospital from November 2020 to July 2021. They were randomly divided into group A and group B, with 35 cases in each group. Patients in Group A were anesthetized with sevoflurane combined with propofol. Patients in Group B were anesthetized with esketamine combined with propofol. The anesthetic induction time, operation time, recovery time and total recovery time of the two groups were recorded. The haemodynamics and respiratory frequency changes of patients were being monitored before anesthesia, 5 minutes after anesthesia, before the operation and after the operation. The scores of Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) pain, agitation and nausea and vomiting were recorded immediately after the patients awakened and were sent back to the ward. Results: There was no significant difference in anesthesia induction time between the two groups (P>0.05). There was also no significant difference in the haemodynamics and respiratory frequency changes during the anaesthetic process between the two groups (P>0.05). The recovery time and total recovery time in group B were significantly lower than those in group A (P<0.05). The scores of CHEOPS pain, agitation and nausea and vomiting in group B were significantly lower than those in group A immediately after the patients awakened and were sent back to the ward (P<0.05). Besides, the probability of nausea and vomiting after curettage of eyelid tumors was lower in group B than in group A (P<0.05). Conclusion: Combination application of esketamine and propofol in curettage of eyelid tumors of children can provide good anesthetic and analgesic effect and reduce the occurrence of restlessness, nausea and vomiting.

目的：对比喉罩与气管插管在小儿眼科全身麻醉中的应用情况，选取小儿全身麻醉的适宜气道管理方式。方法：选取2019年6月至2021年4月在天津市眼科医院进行眼科全身麻醉手术的86例患儿为研究对象，根据全身麻醉诱导后置入气管导管或喉罩分为插管组与喉罩组，每组43例。麻醉诱导后插入气管导管或喉罩后实施容量控制通气。通过回顾收集麻醉记录单查询麻醉诱导前(T0)、麻醉诱导后(T1)、插入气管导管或喉罩时(T2)、手术开始时(T3)、手术结束时(T4)、移除喉罩或气管导管时(T5)检测心率、平均动脉压，以及插管后5、10、20 min时的平均气道压和呼气末CO2分压。根据麻醉记录单查询每例患者气管插管或喉罩置入的次数、苏醒期呛咳及躁动的发生情况。比较2组麻醉时间、置管/喉罩首次成功率、拔管/撤罩时间、自主呼吸恢复时间、麻醉复苏时间。观察2组患者并发症(呛咳、躁动发生情况)的发生情况。结果：在T2、T3和T5时，插管组心率明显高于喉罩组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)；在T2、T3、T4和T5时，插管组平均动脉压明显高于喉罩组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。插管后5、10和20 min时，插管组平均气道压均高于喉罩组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组不同时间点呼气末CO2分压的比较，差异无统计学意义(P<0.05)。喉罩组麻醉复苏期间呛咳和躁动的发生率明显低于插管组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：喉罩具有操作简单、对气道刺激较小等优点，用于小儿眼科全身麻醉时对血流动力学的影响较小，气道反应性低，并发症较少，值得在临床推广使用。

Objective: To select the appropriate airway management mode for children under general anesthesia by comparing the application of laryngeal mask and endotracheal intubation in pediatric ophthalmology. Methods: A total of 86 children who underwent ophthalmic general anesthesia surgery in our hospital in June 2019 and April 2021 were selected as the study subjects, and the tracheal catheter or laryngeal mask was placed after induction of general nesthesia, and the group of 43 cases were divided into intubation group and laryngeal mask group. Volumecontrolled ventilation is performed after induction of anesthesia after insertion of a tracheal catheter or laryngeal mask. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were detected by retrospectively collecting anesthesia records alone before anesthesia induction (T0), after anesthesia induction (T1), when a tracheal catheter or laryngeal mask was inserted (T2), at the beginning of surgery (T3), at the end of surgery (T4), and when the laryngeal mask or tracheal catheter was removed (T5). As well as the average airway pressure and end-expiratory CO2 partial pressure at 5, 10, and 20 min after intubation. The number of endotracheal intubations or laryngeal hoods, the occurrence of cough during awakening, and agitation in each patient was queried according to the anesthesia record. The timing of anesthesia, the first success rate of catheterization/laryngeal mask, the time of extubation/uncommissioning, the time of spontaneous breathing recovery, and the time of anesthesia resuscitation were compared between the 2 groups. The occurrence of complications (choking cough, agitation) in both groups of patients was observed. Results: At T2, T3 and T5, the heart rate in the intubation group was significantly higher than that in the laryngeal mask group (P<0.05), and at T2, T3, T4 and T5, the mean arterial pressure in the intubation group was significantly higher than that in the laryngeal mask group(P<0.05). At 5, 10, and 20 min after intubation, the mean airway pressure in the intubation group was higher than that in the laryngeal mask group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the partial pressure of CO2 at the end of expiratory breath at different time points between the 2 groups (P<0.05). The incidence of choking cough and agitation during anesthesia resuscitation in the laryngeal mask group was significantly lower than that in the intubation group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The laryngeal mask has the advantages of simple operation and less stimulation of the airway, and when used for pediatric ophthalmic general anesthesia, it has less hemodynamic effect, low airway responsiveness and fewer complications, and is worth promoting in clinical practice

剥脱性青光眼是剥脱综合征继发的一类青光眼，临床上少见。本文报告2例患者，患眼瞳孔缘可见灰白色碎屑样物质沉积，散大瞳孔后可见晶状体前囊周边部混浊带，房角镜下可见Sampaolesi线。认识其临床特征，将有助于提高其诊治率。

Exfoliation glaucoma is a category of glaucoma secondary to exfoliation syndrome, which is rarely encountered in clinical practice. We reported 2 cases with deposits of white material on the pupillary border of the iris. Opacity band could be observed surrounding the anterior lens capsule after pupil dilation, and the Sampaolesi line was seen under gonioscope. Understanding the clinical characteristics contribute to improving the diagnosis and treatment of exfoliation glaucoma.

目的：观察喉罩通气吸入七氟醚麻醉在小儿眼底荧光素造影检查(fundus fluorescein angiography，FFA)期间眼位情况、眼球运动的发生率和丙泊酚调整眼位的有效率。方法：回顾性分析2018年6月至2019年12月七氟醚麻醉下接受FFA的儿童的病例资料，记录检查开始时眼位分级、检查中眼球运动发生率、丙泊酚调整眼位的有效率、麻醉后恢复自主活动时间以及不良事件。结果：纳入1~9岁患儿54例，检查开始时42.6%(23/54)的患者眼位1级，51.9%(28/54)的患者眼位2级，5.6%(3/54)的患者眼位3级，检查中眼球运动发生率为61.1%(33/54)。13%(7/54)的患儿需丙泊酚干预，丙泊酚1 mg/kg纠正眼位的有效率为100%。患儿麻醉后恢复正常活动的平均时间为24.4 min，未发生不良事件。结论：喉罩复合七氟醚的麻醉可为门诊小儿眼底荧光造影提供相对满意的麻醉质量，患者在麻醉后可迅速恢复日常活动，丙泊酚可迅速纠正检查中眼位不正。

Objective: To observe the eye position, the incidence of eye movement and the efficacy of propofol on correcting eccentric eyeball position in children undergoing examination of outpatient fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) with inhaled sevoflurane via laryngeal mask airway. Methods: Children undergoing FFA with sevoflurane anesthesia from June 2018 to December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Eye position at the beginning of examination, incidence of eye movement during examination, the efficiency of propofol on correcting eccentric eyeball position during procedure, the time to resume normal activities, and adverse events were recorded. Results: Fifty-four children aged 1–9 years were included in this study. The rates of eye position from grade one to grade three at the beginning of examination were 42.6% (23/54), 51.9% (28/54), and 5.6% (3/54), respectively. The incidence of eye movement during examination was 61.1% (33/54). 13% (7/54) of children with unsatisfactory eye-position needed intervention with propofol. The efficacy of propofol (1 mg/kg) in correcting eye position was 100%. The mean time to return normal activities was 24.4 min. There were no any adverse events during the peri-anesthetic period. Conclusion: Inhaled sevoflurane via LMA can provide appropriate anesthesia for outpatient FFA in children. Children can resume daily activities soon after anesthesia. Propofol can return the incorrect eye position during examination

小儿眼科麻醉的挑战是既要保障患儿的麻醉安全又要提高手术接台效率。麻醉前的充分评估和详细的准备可以有效地降低麻醉期间的并发症。在麻醉前访视期间，需要做到仔细地询问病史，全面的麻醉体格检查及必要的实验室检查或专科会诊，完成充分告知任务，从而提高小儿眼科麻醉安全性。

The challenge of pediatric ophthalmic anesthesia is how to balance the safety and efficiency of ophthalmic surgery. Careful pre-operative evaluation and preparation can effectively reduce potential complications during pediatric ophthalmic anesthesia. During the preoperative assessment, it’s necessary to gather information, perform a full physical examination, take required laboratory tests or consultations with specialties, and deliver appropriate information and consent to increase the safety of pediatric ophthalmic anesthesia

晶状体诱导性青光眼(lens-induced glaucoma，LIG)是因晶状体蛋白相关或解剖学异常引起的一类继发性青光眼。基于发病机制，分为晶状体溶解性青光眼、晶状体颗粒性青光眼、晶状体过敏性青光眼、晶体膨胀性青光眼、瞳孔阻滞性青光眼等几类，房角可能是开放或关闭的。高分子量晶状体蛋白、晶状体颗粒释放、瞳孔阻滞、晶体体积增大是引起青光眼的机制。其病因包括膨胀期、成熟期或过熟期白内障，眼部手术和外伤，各种晶体脱位等。流行病学在发达国家和发展中国家各不相同。以视力下降、眼红、单侧眼痛等为主要临床表现，可产生青光眼性不可逆视功能损害。眼部超声检查对其诊断有帮助。需要和急性闭角型青光眼、睫状环阻滞性青光眼、脉络膜上腔出血、外伤或术后眼内炎等疾病相鉴别。治疗方法是去除晶体刺激物质，从而控制眼压。

Lens-induced glaucoma (LIG) is a kind of secondary glaucoma caused by lens proteins or anatomic abnormality of the lens. Based on the pathogenesis, LIG is classified as phacolytic glaucoma, lens-particle induced glaucoma, phacoanaphylactic glaucoma, phacomorphic glaucoma, pupillary block glaucoma. The angle may be open or closed. High-molecular-weight lens protein, release of lens particles, and pupillary block, increase in the volume of the cataractous lens are the mechanisms of glaucoma. Its pathogensis includes intumescent cataracts, mature senile cataract, hyper-mature senile cataracts, surgery and trauma in eyes, and dislocation of lens. The epidemiology varies across developed and developing countries. The common symptom includes diminution of vision, redness of the eye, and unilateral eye pain. It can cause glaucomatous irreversible visual impairment. Ocular ultrasonography is helpful for its diagnosis. Differential diagnosis includes acute angle-closure glaucoma, ciliary block glaucoma, supra-choroidal hemorrhage, post-traumatic or postoperative endophthalmitis. The management is the removal of inciting lenticular matter to control intraocular pressure

视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病(neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders，NMOSD)是一种中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘性疾病，以视神经、脊髓和大脑受累为主要特征，该疾病易复发且致盲、致残率高，严重威胁人类视力和健康。目前NMOSD病因尚不明确，现有治疗方案也无法彻底治愈NMOSD，而动物模型是探索其发病机制与病理生理特点的重要工具。NMOSD动物模型主要建立在抗水通道蛋白4抗体(anti-aquaporin 4 immunoglobulin G，AQP4-IgG)致病基础上，主要包括破坏或绕过血脑屏障(blood brain barrier，BBB)被动转移AQP4-IgG或AQP4特异性T细胞等，目前还没有一种动物模型可以完整模拟人类NMOSD的临床和病理特征，因此在研究中选择合适的动物模型对相关研究至关重要。

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is mainly characterized by the involvement of the optic nerve, spinal cord and brain. The disease is prone to relapse and has a high rate of blindness and disability, which seriously threatens human vision and health. At present, the etiology of NMSOD is not clear, and the existing treatment schemes can’t completely cure NMOSD. Animal models are important tools to explore its pathogenesis and pathophysiological characteristics. NMOSD animals were mainly established on the basis of anti-aquaporin 4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG), including destroying or bypassing the blood-brain barrier and passively transferring AQP4-IgG or AQP4 specific T cells. At present, no animal model can completely simulate the clinical and pathological characteristics of human NMOSD. Therefore, it is important to select appropriate animal models for the study. This article reviews various animal models of NMOSD in recent years, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various models, in order to provide references for the study of the progress and treatment of NMOSD.