您的位置: 首页 > 2022年9月 第37卷 第9期 > 文字全文
2023年7月 第38卷 第7期11
目录

喉罩与气管插管在小儿眼科全身麻醉中的对比研究

Laryngeal mask and endotracheal intubation in pediatric ophthalmic general anesthesia: A comparative study

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2022年9月 第37卷 第9期 700-706 发布时间: 收稿时间:2022/11/22 16:47:08 阅读量:3993
作者:
关键词:
喉罩气管插管眼科手术儿童全身麻醉
laryngeal mask tracheal intubation ophthalmic surgery children general anesthesia
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2022.05.09
目的:对比喉罩与气管插管在小儿眼科全身麻醉中的应用情况,选取小儿全身麻醉的适宜气道管理方式。方法:选取2019年6月至2021年4月在天津市眼科医院进行眼科全身麻醉手术的86例患儿为研究对象,根据全身麻醉诱导后置入气管导管或喉罩分为插管组与喉罩组,每组43例。麻醉诱导后插入气管导管或喉罩后实施容量控制通气。通过回顾收集麻醉记录单查询麻醉诱导前(T0)、麻醉诱导后(T1)、插入气管导管或喉罩时(T2)、手术开始时(T3)、手术结束时(T4)、移除喉罩或气管导管时(T5)检测心率、平均动脉压,以及插管后5、10、20 min时的平均气道压和呼气末CO2分压。根据麻醉记录单查询每例患者气管插管或喉罩置入的次数、苏醒期呛咳及躁动的发生情况。比较2组麻醉时间、置管/喉罩首次成功率、拔管/撤罩时间、自主呼吸恢复时间、麻醉复苏时间。观察2组患者并发症(呛咳、躁动发生情况)的发生情况。结果:在T2、T3和T5时,插管组心率明显高于喉罩组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在T2、T3、T4和T5时,插管组平均动脉压明显高于喉罩组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。插管后5、10和20 min时,插管组平均气道压均高于喉罩组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组不同时间点呼气末CO2分压的比较,差异无统计学意义(P<0.05)。喉罩组麻醉复苏期间呛咳和躁动的发生率明显低于插管组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:喉罩具有操作简单、对气道刺激较小等优点,用于小儿眼科全身麻醉时对血流动力学的影响较小,气道反应性低,并发症较少,值得在临床推广使用。
Objective: To select the appropriate airway management mode for children under general anesthesia by comparing the application of laryngeal mask and endotracheal intubation in pediatric ophthalmology. Methods: A total of 86 children who underwent ophthalmic general anesthesia surgery in our hospital in June 2019 and April 2021 were selected as the study subjects, and the tracheal catheter or laryngeal mask was placed after induction of general nesthesia, and the group of 43 cases were divided into intubation group and laryngeal mask group. Volumecontrolled ventilation is performed after induction of anesthesia after insertion of a tracheal catheter or laryngeal mask. Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were detected by retrospectively collecting anesthesia records alone before anesthesia induction (T0), after anesthesia induction (T1), when a tracheal catheter or laryngeal mask was inserted (T2), at the beginning of surgery (T3), at the end of surgery (T4), and when the laryngeal mask or tracheal catheter was removed (T5). As well as the average airway pressure and end-expiratory CO2 partial pressure at 5, 10, and 20 min after intubation. The number of endotracheal intubations or laryngeal hoods, the occurrence of cough during awakening, and agitation in each patient was queried according to the anesthesia record. The timing of anesthesia, the first success rate of catheterization/laryngeal mask, the time of extubation/uncommissioning, the time of spontaneous breathing recovery, and the time of anesthesia resuscitation were compared between the 2 groups. The occurrence of complications (choking cough, agitation) in both groups of patients was observed. Results: At T2, T3 and T5, the heart rate in the intubation group was significantly higher than that in the laryngeal mask group (P<0.05), and at T2, T3, T4 and T5, the mean arterial pressure in the intubation group was significantly higher than that in the laryngeal mask group(P<0.05). At 5, 10, and 20 min after intubation, the mean airway pressure in the intubation group was higher than that in the laryngeal mask group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the partial pressure of CO2 at the end of expiratory breath at different time points between the 2 groups (P<0.05). The incidence of choking cough and agitation during anesthesia resuscitation in the laryngeal mask group was significantly lower than that in the intubation group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: The laryngeal mask has the advantages of simple operation and less stimulation of the airway, and when used for pediatric ophthalmic general anesthesia, it has less hemodynamic effect, low airway responsiveness and fewer complications, and is worth promoting in clinical practice
      临床上,小儿常见的眼科手术有斜视矫正术、上睑下垂矫正术、倒睫矫正术和眼睑、眶内小肿物切除术等,手术时需要患儿完全制动。传统的小儿眼科手术多采用气管插管麻醉或静脉麻醉,但是存在气道刺激和呼吸抑制等缺点,可能危及患儿生命安全[1] 。合理、完善的麻醉方案对顺利安全实施小儿眼科手术至关重要。喉罩作为新型通气装置,具有操作简单、对气道刺激较小等优点,因此在很多情况下,喉罩可以替代气管插管[2-4] 。临床上使用最多的喉罩包括可弯曲喉罩、 胃管引流型喉罩和气管内插管型喉罩等。既往研究[5] 显示:与气管插管相比,喉罩对呼吸系统的损伤较轻,引起的血流动力学变化较小,术后并发症发生率也更低。喉罩在全身麻醉中作用的报 道,既往多集中于成人,而在小儿眼科中的研究较少,并且缺乏对气道反应性和血流动力学的分析[6-9]。本研究以小儿眼科全身麻醉患者为研究对象,旨在对比可弯曲喉罩和气管插管的安全性及其对气道反应性和血流动力学的影响。

1 对象与方法

1.1 对象

      选取2019年6月至2021年4月在天津市眼科医 院进行眼科全身麻醉手术的86例患儿为研究对象, 查询并分配为喉罩组与插管组,每组43例。纳入标 准:1)行全身麻醉眼科手术;2)年龄2~8岁;3 )无 心肝肾等基础疾病。排除标准:1 )插管困难; 2 )上呼吸道感染;3 )咽喉疾病;4 )行气管造口术患儿。本研究经天津市眼科医院医学伦理委员 会审核批准(审批号:2022025),患儿监护人均知情同意。

1.2 麻醉方法

      术前常规禁水2 h,禁食6 h。麻醉前30 min 肌注0.010~0.015 mg/kg阿托品。进入手术室后进 行常规心电监护,包括心电图、血压、血氧饱和 度等。麻醉诱导:喉罩组用0.1 mg/kg咪达唑仑、 0.6 μg/kg舒芬太尼、3 mg/kg丙泊酚进行麻醉;插管组在喉罩组基础上加用0.15 mg/kg顺式阿曲库铵。麻醉诱导5min后插气管导管或者可弯曲喉罩,进行机械通气。喉罩和置管均由天津市眼科医院同一资深麻醉师按规范进行。麻醉维持:术中用4 mg/kg/h丙泊酚和0.3~0.5 μg/kg/min瑞芬太 尼进行维持,手术结束前3min停止使用。

1.3 观察指标

     1 )麻醉诱导前( T0)、麻醉诱导后( T1)、插入 气管导管或喉罩时( T2)、手术开始时( T3)、手术 结束时( T4)、移除喉罩或气管导管时( T5)检测心 率、平均动脉压。插管后5、1 0、20min时测量 平均气道压和呼气末CO2分压。2 )围手术期一般情况:麻醉时间、置管/喉罩首次成功率、拔管/撤罩时间、自主呼吸恢复时间、麻醉复苏时间。 3)安全性:观察麻醉复苏期间、术后24h内并发症的发生情况。

1.4 统计学处理

      采用SPSS 20.0统计学软件进行数据分析。计数资料以例(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验;计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用重复测量方差分析,两两比较采用LSD-t法。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 一般资料

      2组年龄、性别构成、手术类型等资料的比较, 差异无统计学意义(P >0.05),具有可比性(表1)。

2.2 不同时间点心率和平均动脉压的变化

      在T2、T3和T5时,插管组心率明显高于喉罩组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在T2、T3、T4和 T5时,插管组平均动脉压明显高于喉罩组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。同组比较中,与T1时比较,喉罩组在T5时心率和平均动脉压均较高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。插管组在T2和T5时的心率均高于T1,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。插管组在T2、T3和T5时的平均动脉压均高于T1,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,表2)

表1 2组一般资料比较(n=43)
Table 1 Comparison of general data between the 2 groups (n=43)

20230128103029_1150.png

表2 不同时间点心率和平均动脉压的变化(n=43)
Table 2 Changes in heart rate and mean arterial pressure at difffferent time points (n=43)

20230128103152_1238.png

2.3 插管后平均气道压和呼气末 CO2 分压的变化

    插管后5、10和20 min时,插管组平均气道压均高于喉罩组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组不同时间点呼气末CO2分压的比较,差异无统计学意义(P<0.05,表3)。

2.4 围手术期一般情况

    2组麻醉时间和置管/喉罩首次成功率的比较,差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。插管组拔管时间、自主呼吸恢复时间和麻醉复苏时间均高于喉罩组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,表4)。

2.5 安全性

    喉罩组麻醉复苏期间呛咳和躁动的发生率明显低于插管组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05,表5 )。

表3 插管后平均气道压和呼气末CO2分压的变化(n=43)
Table 3 Changes in average airway pressure and end-tidal CO2 partial pressure after intubation (n=43)

20230128103412_5534.png

表4 2组围手术期一般情况比较(n=43)
Table 4 Comparison of general conditions in the perioperative period between the 2 groups (n=43)

20230128103444_0684.png

表5 麻醉复苏期间和术后24 h内并发症的比较(n=43)
Table 5 Comparison of complications during anesthesia resuscitation and within 24 h after surgery (n=43)

20230128103517_9836.png

3 讨论

    小儿眼科手术较为精细,通常需要全身麻醉[10-12]。虽然传统气管插管全身麻醉可以满足手术需要,但是气管插管容易损伤呼吸道黏膜,易引起拔管后并发症。此外,拔管时容易引起应激反应,使眼压增高,非常不利于青光眼和眼球贯通伤患儿的康复[13]。喉罩是一种新型的气道建立装置,目前临床上使用最多的是可弯曲喉罩、气管内插管型喉罩和胃管引流型喉罩。本研究采用的是可弯曲型喉罩,具有操作简单、对声带和气道黏膜损伤较小等优点[14-15]。有关喉罩在全身麻醉中作用的既往报道多集中于成人,而在小儿中的研究较少。本研究以小儿眼科全身麻醉患者为研究对象,发现喉罩通气可以降低气道反应性,使血流动力学更为平稳,并且降低并发症的发生率。
    本研究发现T1~T4时喉罩组心率和平均动脉压未见明显变化;在T2、T3和T5时,插管组心率明显高于喉罩组;在T2、T3、T4和T5时,插管组平均动脉压明显高于喉罩组,说明喉罩组围手术期血流动力学更为平稳。临床上在气管插管时多采用低压容量气囊导管,且在小儿患者中多选用小号导管;另外,气管导管刺激气道黏膜,使支气管痉挛,使气道阻力增加[16]。本研究结果显示:插管后插管组平均气道压明显高于喉罩组,这与杨飞等[17]的报道一致。气道压力的增加了并发症发生风险,因此喉罩通气在全身麻醉术中具有一定优越性。
    本研究还发现:喉罩组拔管时间、自主呼吸恢复时间和麻醉复苏时间均短于插管组,与Aghdashi等[18]报道一致。这是因为气管导管对气道刺激性较强,需要使用镇静和镇痛药物缓解气道应激反应,从而延长了麻醉复苏时间。另外,气管插管患儿必须使用肌松药物,进而延长了自主呼吸恢复时间。本研究中喉罩组患儿均未使用肌松药物,术中无体动发生,手术均顺利完成。在本研究中,喉罩组麻醉复苏期仅出现1例呛咳和3例躁动,术后24 h内出现恶心呕吐2例、咽喉疼痛1例。喉罩组呛咳和躁动的发生率明显低于插管组。呛咳主要是在拔管和搬动患儿时发生,可能是气管导管刺激呼吸道所造成,因此插管组呛咳的发生率较高。眼科手术后,患儿需要包扎双眼,暂时不能视物,容易出现焦虑、恐惧等不良情绪;另外,拔管后咽部不适也会造成患儿出现躁动不安。喉罩的严重并发症是窒息和误吸,主要原因是术前准备不足、喉罩移位、麻醉深度不够等,因此围手术期时需要对患儿进行精细化护理,以减少并发症的发生[19]。本研究中无一例出现窒息或误吸。
    小儿麻醉术中应用喉罩可以减少麻醉药物的吸入浓度,提高患儿苏醒质量。本研究未对此进行分析,为实验的局限性之一。本研究的局限性还在于:未对拔出气管导管和移除喉罩的时机进行分析;由于样本量受限,未对年龄、性别和体重等因素进行分层分析。
    综上,喉罩具有操作简单、对气道刺激较小等优点,用于眼科全身麻醉时对血流动力学的影响较小,气道反应性低,并发症较少,值得在临床推广使用。

开放获取声明

    本文适用于知识共享许可协议 (Creative Commons),允许第三方用户按照署名(BY)-非商业性使用(NC)-禁止演绎(ND)(CC BY-NC-ND)的方式共享,即允许第三方对本刊发表的文章进行复制、发行、展览、表演、放映、广播或通过信息网络向公众传播,但在这些过程中必须保留作者署名、仅限于非商业性目的、不得进行演绎创作。详情请访问:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
1、Jamil SN, Alam M, Usmani H, et al. A study of the use of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in children and its comparison with endotracheal intubation[ J]. Indian J Anaesth, 2009, 53(2): 174-178.Jamil SN, Alam M, Usmani H, et al. A study of the use of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in children and its comparison with endotracheal intubation[ J]. Indian J Anaesth, 2009, 53(2): 174-178.
2、 Yang Z, Liang H, Li J, et al. Comparing the efficacy of bag-valve mask, endotracheal intubation, and laryngeal mask airway for subjects with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: an indirect meta-analysis[ J]. Ann Transl Med, 2019, 7(12): 257. Yang Z, Liang H, Li J, et al. Comparing the efficacy of bag-valve mask, endotracheal intubation, and laryngeal mask airway for subjects with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: an indirect meta-analysis[ J]. Ann Transl Med, 2019, 7(12): 257.
3、Keles S, Kocaturk O. Postoperative discomfort and emergence delirium in children undergoing dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia: comparison of nasal tracheal intubation and laryngeal mask airway[ J]. J Pain Res, 2018, 11: 103-110.Keles S, Kocaturk O. Postoperative discomfort and emergence delirium in children undergoing dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia: comparison of nasal tracheal intubation and laryngeal mask airway[ J]. J Pain Res, 2018, 11: 103-110.
4、 Du Y, Wang J, Jin L, et al. Ultrasonographic assessment of anatomic relationship between the internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery in infants and children after ETT or LMA insertion: a prospective observational study[ J]. Front Pediatr, 2020, 8: 605762. Du Y, Wang J, Jin L, et al. Ultrasonographic assessment of anatomic relationship between the internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery in infants and children after ETT or LMA insertion: a prospective observational study[ J]. Front Pediatr, 2020, 8: 605762.
5、高宇, 刘皓昕, 刘绪华, 等. 喉罩与气管插管在患儿全身麻醉气道管理中的安全性Meta分析[ J]. 临床麻醉学杂志, 2021, 37(1):59-65.
GAO Yu, LIU Haoxin, LIU Xuhua, et al. Meta analysis of safety of laryngeal mask and endotracheal intubation in airway management of children under general anesthesia[ J]. Journal of Clinical Anesthesiology, 2021, 37 (1): 59-65.
高宇, 刘皓昕, 刘绪华, 等. 喉罩与气管插管在患儿全身麻醉气道管理中的安全性Meta分析[ J]. 临床麻醉学杂志, 2021, 37(1):59-65.
GAO Yu, LIU Haoxin, LIU Xuhua, et al. Meta analysis of safety of laryngeal mask and endotracheal intubation in airway management of children under general anesthesia[ J]. Journal of Clinical Anesthesiology, 2021, 37 (1): 59-65.
6、Xu R, Zhu Y, Fan Q, et al. Comparison between the cobra perilaryngeal airway and laryngeal mask airways under general anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis[ J]. Anesth Analg, 2017, 125(3): 958-966.Xu R, Zhu Y, Fan Q, et al. Comparison between the cobra perilaryngeal airway and laryngeal mask airways under general anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis[ J]. Anesth Analg, 2017, 125(3): 958-966.
7、Lai CJ, Yeh YC, Tu YK, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of supraglottic airway devices in low-risk adult patients: a network meta-analysis and systematic review[ J]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 15074.Lai CJ, Yeh YC, Tu YK, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of supraglottic airway devices in low-risk adult patients: a network meta-analysis and systematic review[ J]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 15074.
8、Gong Y, Xu X, Wang J, et al. Laryngeal mask airway reduces incidence of post-operative sore throat after thyroid surgery compared with endotracheal tube: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial[ J]. BMC Anesthesiol, 2020, 20(1): 16.Gong Y, Xu X, Wang J, et al. Laryngeal mask airway reduces incidence of post-operative sore throat after thyroid surgery compared with endotracheal tube: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial[ J]. BMC Anesthesiol, 2020, 20(1): 16.
9、Mao S, Du X, Ma J, et al. A comparison between laryngeal mask airway and endotracheal intubation for anaesthesia in adult patients undergoing NUSS procedure[J]. J Thorac Dis, 2018, 10(6): 3216-3224.Mao S, Du X, Ma J, et al. A comparison between laryngeal mask airway and endotracheal intubation for anaesthesia in adult patients undergoing NUSS procedure[J]. J Thorac Dis, 2018, 10(6): 3216-3224.
10、Cavuoto KM, Rodriguez LI, Tutiven J, et al. General anesthesia in the pediatric population[ J]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2014, 25(5): 411-416.Cavuoto KM, Rodriguez LI, Tutiven J, et al. General anesthesia in the pediatric population[ J]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2014, 25(5): 411-416.
11、 Bartels DD, McCann ME, Davidson AJ, et al. Estimating pediatric general anesthesia exposure: quantifying duration and risk[ J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2018, 28(6): 520-527.Bartels DD, McCann ME, Davidson AJ, et al. Estimating pediatric general anesthesia exposure: quantifying duration and risk[ J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2018, 28(6): 520-527.
12、项国联, 丁斌, 张炳熙. 喉罩通气用于婴儿眼科全麻的临床观察[ J]. 中华麻醉学杂志, 2002, 22(4): 244.
XIANG Guolian, DING Bin, ZHANG Bingxi. Clinical observation of lar yngeal mask ventilation in general anesthesia of infant ophthalmology[ J]. Chinese Journal of Anesthesiology, 2002, 22(4): 244.
项国联, 丁斌, 张炳熙. 喉罩通气用于婴儿眼科全麻的临床观察[ J]. 中华麻醉学杂志, 2002, 22(4): 244.
XIANG Guolian, DING Bin, ZHANG Bingxi. Clinical observation of lar yngeal mask ventilation in general anesthesia of infant ophthalmology[ J]. Chinese Journal of Anesthesiology, 2002, 22(4): 244.
13、于军, 可焱, 王蓉, 等. 无肌肉松弛剂气管插管全身麻醉在小儿眼科手术中的应用[ J]. 中华实用诊断与治疗杂志, 2009, 23(3): 299-300.
YU Jun, KE Yan, WANG Rong, et al. Application of general anesthesia without muscle relaxant endotracheal intubation in pediatric ophthalmic surgery[ J]. Journal of Chinese Practical Diagnosis and Therapy, 2009, 23(3): 299-300.
于军, 可焱, 王蓉, 等. 无肌肉松弛剂气管插管全身麻醉在小儿眼科手术中的应用[ J]. 中华实用诊断与治疗杂志, 2009, 23(3): 299-300.
YU Jun, KE Yan, WANG Rong, et al. Application of general anesthesia without muscle relaxant endotracheal intubation in pediatric ophthalmic surgery[ J]. Journal of Chinese Practical Diagnosis and Therapy, 2009, 23(3): 299-300.
14、Byun SH, Kim SJ, Kim E. Comparison of the clinical performance of the flexible laryngeal mask airway in pediatric patients under general anesthesia with or without a muscle relaxant: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial[ J]. Trials, 2019, 20(1): 31.Byun SH, Kim SJ, Kim E. Comparison of the clinical performance of the flexible laryngeal mask airway in pediatric patients under general anesthesia with or without a muscle relaxant: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial[ J]. Trials, 2019, 20(1): 31.
15、张全意, 丁洁, 王嵘, 等. 喉罩用于气道狭窄患儿先天性心脏病矫形术气道管理的效果[ J]. 中华麻醉学杂志, 2016, 36(6): 736- 739.
ZHANG Quanyi, DING Jie, WANG Rong, et al. Effect of laryngeal mask on airway management of congenital heart disease in children with airway stenosis[ J]. Chinese Journal of Anesthesiology, 2016, 36(6): 736-739.
张全意, 丁洁, 王嵘, 等. 喉罩用于气道狭窄患儿先天性心脏病矫形术气道管理的效果[ J]. 中华麻醉学杂志, 2016, 36(6): 736- 739.
ZHANG Quanyi, DING Jie, WANG Rong, et al. Effect of laryngeal mask on airway management of congenital heart disease in children with airway stenosis[ J]. Chinese Journal of Anesthesiology, 2016, 36(6): 736-739.
16、李奕萱, 邓敏鑫, 卢仲明, 等. 小儿气管插管后喉气管狭窄临床分析[ J]. 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科, 2018, 25(1): 51-52.
LI Yixuan, DENG Minxin, LU Zhongming, et al. Clinical analysis of laryngotracheal stenosis after endotracheal intubation in children[ J]. Chinese Archives of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2018, 25(1): 51-52.
李奕萱, 邓敏鑫, 卢仲明, 等. 小儿气管插管后喉气管狭窄临床分析[ J]. 中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科, 2018, 25(1): 51-52.
LI Yixuan, DENG Minxin, LU Zhongming, et al. Clinical analysis of laryngotracheal stenosis after endotracheal intubation in children[ J]. Chinese Archives of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2018, 25(1): 51-52.
17、杨飞, 李上莹莹, 马宗芬, 等. 可弯曲喉罩应用于小儿眼科手术的评价[ J]. 广东医学, 2017, 38(24): 3827-3830.
YANG Fei, LI Shangyingying, MA Zongfen, et al. Evaluation of flexible laryngeal mask in pediatric ophthalmic surgery[ J]. Guangdong Medical Journal, 2017, 38(24): 3827-3830.
杨飞, 李上莹莹, 马宗芬, 等. 可弯曲喉罩应用于小儿眼科手术的评价[ J]. 广东医学, 2017, 38(24): 3827-3830.
YANG Fei, LI Shangyingying, MA Zongfen, et al. Evaluation of flexible laryngeal mask in pediatric ophthalmic surgery[ J]. Guangdong Medical Journal, 2017, 38(24): 3827-3830.
18、Aghdashi MM, Valizade Hasanloei MA , Abbasivash R , et al. Comparison of the success rate of laryngeal mask air way insertion in classic & rotatory methods in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia[ J]. Anesth Pain Med, 2017, 7(2): e38899.Aghdashi MM, Valizade Hasanloei MA , Abbasivash R , et al. Comparison of the success rate of laryngeal mask air way insertion in classic & rotatory methods in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia[ J]. Anesth Pain Med, 2017, 7(2): e38899.
19、李文生, 陈晓冬. 眼科手术麻醉并发症的预防和处理[ J]. 中华实验眼科杂志, 2017, 35(5): 391-395.
LI Wensheng, CHEN Xiaodong. Prevention and treatment ofanesthesia complications in ophthalmic surgery[ J]. Chinese Journal of Experimental Ophthalmology, 2017, 35(5): 391-395.
李文生, 陈晓冬. 眼科手术麻醉并发症的预防和处理[ J]. 中华实验眼科杂志, 2017, 35(5): 391-395.
LI Wensheng, CHEN Xiaodong. Prevention and treatment ofanesthesia complications in ophthalmic surgery[ J]. Chinese Journal of Experimental Ophthalmology, 2017, 35(5): 391-395.
上一篇
下一篇
其他期刊
  • 眼科学报

    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
    承办:中山大学中山眼科中心
    主编:林浩添
    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
    浏览
  • Eye Science

    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
    承办:中山大学中山眼科中心
    主编:林浩添
    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
    浏览
推荐阅读
出版者信息
中山眼科



中山大学
目录