哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)是一种蛋白激酶，在体内主要参与营养水平、生长代谢的调节。mTOR是癌症、衰老和其他代谢相关病理性疾病的重要靶点，参与了增殖、转分化、自噬等多种生物学过程。眼被认为是具有免疫特权的区域，由于血管系统会影响视力，眼的血管系统位于中心光路以外。眼的许多区域都有将免疫细胞运输至发育不良、受损或衰老有关的病变部位的机制。尽管免疫应答主要是为了修复或保护自身，但是免疫细胞可能会分泌一些细胞因子，导致炎症或纤维化，进而损害视力。研究证实，mTOR与翼状胬肉、年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)、青光眼、白内障、糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)、眼部肿瘤等多种眼病密切相关。目前，mTOR抑制剂通常被用作免疫抑制剂，用于癌症的治疗，但mTOR抑制剂用于眼部疾病的报道尚少。因此，该文就mTOR信号通路在相关眼科疾病中的作用、调控机制、药物治疗等方面进行简要综述，为相关眼科疾病的病理机制与治疗提供思路，以便后续开展更深入的研究。
Mammalian target protein of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase that primarily involves in the regulation of nutrient levels andgrowth metabolism in vivo. mTOR serves as a crucial target for cancer, aging, and other metabolic related pathological diseases, participating in various biological processes such as proliferation, transdifferentiation, and autophagy. Te eye is considered an area with immune privilege, as the vascular system afects vision and is located outside the central light path. Many areas of the eye have mechanisms for transporting immune cells to the afected areas related to developmental, damaged, or aging. Although the immune response is primarily aimed at reparing or protecting itself, immune cells may secrete some cytokines, leading to infammation or fbrosis, which in turn can damage vision. Results from studies have confirmed that mTOR is closely related to pterygium, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy (DR), eye tumors and other eye diseases. Currently, mTOR inhibitors are widely used as immunosuppressants and approved for cancer treatment; however, there are few reports on the use of mTOR inhibitors for eye diseases. Therefore, in the article it provides a brief overview of the role, regulatory mechanisms, and drug treatment of the mTOR signaling pathway in related ophthalmic diseases, providing ideas for the pathological mechanisms and treatment of related ophthalmic diseases, in order to carry out more in-depth research in the future.
目的：比较单一EYESi虚拟手术模拟器(Dry-lab)、Wet-lab以及两种方式联合教学在超声乳化白内障吸除显微手术培训中的效果及差异，以期探索更科学高效的教学方式。方法：选取中山大学中山眼科中心接受住院医师规范化培训的1年级住院医师18名，随机分为Dry-lab组、Wet-lab组和联合组，每组各6人，分别接受8次有效Dry-lab训练、8次Wet-lab训练、4次有效Dry-lab训练联合4次Wet-lab训练。培训前后问卷调查评估三种教学方式的模拟效果与学员满意度，并在猪眼模型上考核超声乳化白内障吸除手术的三个主要步骤，以评估学员的培训效果。结果：Dry-lab与Wet-lab训练均能有效帮助学员学习使用显微器械，操作手感较好。但在立体感(P=0.007)、与人眼操作相比近似度(P<0.001)以及对掌握技术的帮助度(P=0.003)上，Wet-lab优于Dry-lab训练；而在缩短培训用时(P<0.001)上，Dry-lab培训更具优势。联合培训模式培训效果优于单一Wet-lab训练(P=0.014)和模拟器培训(P=0.012)，整体满意度高于Wet-lab训练(P=0.042)和Dry-lab培训(P=0.042)。结论：Dry-lab与Wet-lab训练在超声乳化白内障吸除显微手术培训中各有优势，而两者相结合的教学模式更为高效，培训效果更佳，整体满意度高。
Objective: To compare the effects and distinctions among three methods of phacoemulsification training: EYESi simulator (Dry-lab), Wet-lab, and a combined approach, in order to find out more scientific and efficient teaching method. Methods: 18 first-year residents undergoing residency training at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yatsen University were randomly assigned to three groups: Dry-lab, Wet-lab, and Combined. Each group, consisting of 6 individuals, underwent a specific training regimen—8 sessions of effective simulator training for the Dry-lab group, 8 Wet-lab sessions for the Wet-lab group, and a combination of 4 effective simulator sessions with 4 Wet-lab sessions for the Combined group. The questionnaires were administered to assess simulation effects and student satisfaction before and after each training sessions. Additionally, the training effects were recorded in the three main steps of phacoemulsification cataract extraction surgery on a pig eye model. Results: Both the EYESi simulator and Wet-lab were proved to be effective in facilitating the learning of microscopic instrument use with commendable operating experience. However, Wet-lab is superior to the virtual simulator in terms of stereoscopic sensation (P=0.007), similarity to the human eye (P<0.001), and assistance in mastering techniques(P=0.003). Simulator training is found to be more advantageous in shortening the overall training time (P<0.001). The training effect of the joint training mode is better than that of single Wet-lab training (P=0.014) and simulator training (P=0.012), and the overall satisfaction is higher than that of Wet-lab training (P=0.042) and simulator training (P=0.042). Conclusion: The EYESi virtual surgery simulator and Wet-lab training have their advantages respectively in training for phacoemulsification cataract extraction microsurgery, and the combined teaching mode is more efficient, with better training effects and overall satisfaction.
目的：了解干眼患者自我护理能力水平并分析其影响因素。方法：选取2022年2月—6月在中山大学中山眼科中心就诊的干眼患者为研究对象，采用一般资料调查表、自我护理能力量表、一般自我效能感量表对患者进行调查分析。结果：共调查293例干眼患者，其自我护理能力评分为(113.34±9.98)分，处于中等水平。相关性分析中干眼患者的自我护理能力总分与自我效能感得分呈正相关(r=0.421，P<0.001)，多重线性回归分析显示，累计屏幕使用时间>10 h/d、合并全身疾病、低自我效能感评分是干眼患者自我护理能力的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论：干眼患者自我护理能力水平处于中水平，仍需加强。医护工作者在工作中应重点关注屏幕使用时间长、合并全身疾病及自我效能感低的患者，并制定相应的护理对策，以改善患者的自我护理能力水平。
Objective: To understand the self-care ability of patients with dry eye and analyze its infuencing factors. Methods: A total of 293 patients with dry eye were selected from Zhongshan University Zhongshan Ophthalmology Center from February 2022 to June 2022, the general data Questionnaire the general self-efcacy Scale and the self-care ability Scale survey were collected. Results: A total of 293 patients with dry eye were surveyed, and the self-care ability score was 113.34±9.98, which was at the medium level. The total score of self-care ability, the scores of self-concept, self-care responsibility, health knowledge level and self-care skills of patients with dry eye were positively correlated with the scores of self-efcacy (r=0.421, allP<0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that cumulative screen usage time>10 hours/day, comorbid systemic diseases, and low self-efficacy scores were risk factors for self-care ability in patients with dry eye (P<0.05). Conclusions: Te self-care ability of patients with dry eye disease is at a medium level, and still needs to be strengthened. Medical workers should focus on patients with prolonged screen usage, comorbid systemic diseases, and low self-efficacy in their work, and tailor relevant nursing strategies to improve their self-care abilities.
原发性干燥综合征(primary Sj?gren’s syndrome，SS)是一种主要累及外分泌腺体的自身免疫性疾病，患者通常因为严重的干眼症状首先就诊于眼科，大多数临床医师对原发性干燥综合征相关性干眼(Sj?gren’s syndrome dry eye disease，SS-DED)认识不足，可能导致漏诊和误诊。侵入性极小的客观检查及生物标志物的发展，将有助于发现SS-DED的真面目，并可能从新的角度阐释其发病机制，为其诊断、分类及治疗提供新的思路。SS-DED的治疗没有特效的药物，大多数患者需接受多种方法的治疗，以了解哪些方法最有效。
Primary Sj?gren’s syndrome is an autoimmune disease that mainly affects exocrine glands. Patients usually refer to ophthalmologists because of severe dry eye symptoms. Most clinicians have insufficient knowledge with dry eye disease associated with primary Sj?gren’s syndrome probably leading to misdiagnosis or missing the diagnosis.The diagnosis of Sj?gren’s syndrome dry eye disease (SS-DED) is difficult, but the extremely invasive objective examination and the development of biomarkers will help to understand this disease and explain its pathogenesis from a new perspective. There is no specific treatment for the SS-DED, and most patients should receive multiple treatments to select the optimal treatment.
目的：评价海藻糖滴眼液对摘除眶内眶外泪腺的实验性大鼠干眼的疗效。方法：SD大鼠30只，随机分成正常组、对照组、实验组，每组10只(20只眼)。正常组不给予处置，实验组和对照组通过摘除大鼠主泪腺制作干眼动物模型。对照组和实验组于造模完成术后1周后分别给予生理盐水、海藻糖滴眼液点双眼，每天4次，治疗共4周。分别于造模术前和造模术后1，2，3，5周进行基础泪液分泌试验(Shirmer I test)，角膜上皮荧光染色评分检测；造模5周后将大鼠处死，采用免疫组织化学方法对结膜上皮细胞中Bcl-2和Bax凋亡基因蛋白表达进行检测，观察干眼动物模型结膜上皮细胞凋亡与眼表干眼病变及组织损伤的关系。结果：基础泪液分泌试验结果显示，对照组和实验组除术后第5周比较差异有统计学意义外(P<0.05)，其余时间点差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)，术后各时间点与正常组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。造模术后第1周，对照组和实验组角膜荧光色染色评分明显高于正常组；术后第2周后，对照组和实验组评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)，随着时间的延长，术后第3周和第5周，两组评分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)，且实验组评分小于对照组。结膜上皮细胞免疫组织化学检测结果显示：正常组结膜上皮细胞Bax蛋白阳性表达的细胞数较对照组和实验组少，与对照组比较，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)，与实验组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)；正常组可见大量Bcl-2蛋白阳性表达，且多于实验组，差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)，多于对照组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)；对照组结膜上皮细胞中可见大量Bax蛋白阳性表达于细胞质，呈棕黄色颗粒，实验组中Bax蛋白阳性表达相对于对照组明显较少，两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)；实验组结膜上皮细胞中可见大量Bcl-2蛋白阳性表达，对照组Bcl-2蛋白表达相对于实验组明显减少，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：海藻糖滴眼液可以减少角膜表层上皮脱落，对结膜上皮细胞有一定的保护作用，可以拮抗结膜上皮细胞的凋亡，从而增强角结膜上皮屏障功能，改善由干燥引起的眼表上皮的损伤。海藻糖溶液可用于眼表上皮疾病的潜在临床应用，为治疗眼表疾病如干眼症提供治疗选择。
Objective: To observe the efficacy of trehalose eye drops on experimental dry eye rat with removal of inside and outside lacrimal glands. Methods: A total of 30 SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group, a control group, and an experimental group, with 10 rats for each group (20 eyes). The normal group was not treated, and the experimental group and the control group were made into a dry eye animal model by removing the main lacrimal gland of the rat. The control group and the experimental group were given with normal saline and trehalose eye drops once a week after the completion of modeling, 4 times a day for 4 weeks. Shirmer I test and fluorescence staining test were carded before and 1, 2, 3, and 5 weeks after modeling. After 5 weeks of modeling, the rats were sacrificed and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax apoptosis protein in conjunctival epithelial cells was detected by immunohistochemistry in order to observe the relationship between apoptosis of conjunctival epithelial cells and dry eye lesions and tissue damage in dry eye animal models. Results: Schirme I test results showed that there was no significant difference between the control group and the experimental group (P>0.05) except for the 5th week after operation (P<0.05). There was a statistical difference between the two groups and the normal group at each time point after surgery (P<0.05). At the first week after modeling, the corneal fluorescence staining scores of the control group and the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the normal group. After the second week after surgery, there was no significant difference between the control group and the experimental group (P>0.05). The prolongation of time, the 3 week and the 5th week after surgery, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05), and the score of the experimental group was smaller than the control group. The immunohistochemical results of conjunctival epithelial cells showed that the number of Bax protein positive cells in the normal conjunctival epithelial cells was less than that in the control group and the experimental group. The difference between the normal group and the control group was statistically significant(P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). There was a large amount of Bcl- 2 protein in the normal group, which was more than the experimental group. The difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05), which was more than the control group. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); a large amount of Bax protein was positively expressed in the cytoplasm and brownish-yellow particles in the conjunctival epithelial cells of the control group. The positive expression of Bax protein in the experimental group was significantly less than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). A large amount of Bcl-2 protein was positively expressed in the conjunctival epithelial cells of the experimental group, and the expression of Bcl-2 protein in the control group was significantly decreased compared with the experimental group (P<0.05).Conclusion: Trehalose eye drops can reduce epithelial detachment of the cornea and have a protective effect on conjunctival epithelial cells, which can antagonize the apoptosis of conjunctival epithelial cells,thereby enhancing the keratoconjunctival barrier function and improving the ocular surface epithelium caused by dryness. The potential clinical application of trehalose solution for ocular surface epithelial diseases and provide treatment options for ocular surface diseases, such as dry eye.
目的：探讨高度近视合并白内障患者白内障术后有效晶状体位置的变化。方法：收集白内障超声乳化摘除联合人工晶状体植入术的高度近视合并白内障患者21例共27眼，记录术后1 d、1周、1个月视力、屈光度、有效晶状体位置。结果：高度近视合并白内障患者术后1 d，1周，1个月有效晶状体位置分别为(4.17±0.39)，(4.09±0.38)，(4.31±0.44) mm，且组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。有效晶状体位置的实际轴向运动为(0.19±0.13) mm，与晶状体厚度呈正相关(r=0.648，P<0.001)，与术前眼轴无相关关系(r=0.227，P=0.255)。结论：高度近视合并白内障患者术后1 d至1周人工晶状体轻度前移而造成近视偏移，而术后1个月时则呈远视偏移，且术后有效晶状体位置位移与术前晶状体厚度相关。
Objective: To investigate the change and influencing factors of the effective lens position after cataract surgery in high myopia eyes. Methods: We collected 27 eyes of 21 patients with high myopia who underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. The visual acuity, diopter and effective lens position were recorded 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after operation. Results: The effective lens position of high myopia combined with cataract patients at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month was (4.17±0.39), (4.09±0.38), and (4.31±0.44)mm, respectively. The effective lens positions significantly differed between the groups after surgery (P<0.05). The ELPRMS was (0.19±0.13) mm. The ELPRMS was positively correlated with the lens thickness (r=0.648,P<0.001), whereas was not correlated with the preoperative axial length (r=0.227, P=0.255). Conclusion: High myopic patients with cataract have a slight forward movement of the effective lens position from 1 day to 1 week after surgery, and a hyperopic shift from 1 week to 1 month. The displacement of effective lens position after surgery is correlated with the preoperative lens thickness.
人工晶状体混浊是白内障术后较为少见的并发症，患者多于手术后数月或数年因不明原因视力下降或视朦就诊。本文报道一例73岁女性患者，在同一时期双眼先后植入同一型号亲水性丙烯酸酯人工晶状体，术后6年右眼人工晶状体完全混浊，而左眼人工晶状体仍为完全透明状态。两眼的临床眼部体征、眼前节光学相干断层成像(optic coherence tomography,OCT)、超声生物显微镜检查(ultrasound biomicroscopy,UBM)等检查结果均有明显差异，人工晶状体混浊眼通过手术治疗后视力恢复满意。文章详细记录了该例患者术前的相关资料、手术治疗以及手术取出人工晶状体的检查结果，并进行了分析讨论，供专家同行参阅，为该类患者的诊疗提供参考。
Intraocular lens opacity is a relatively rare complication after cataract surgery. Many patients seek medical service serveral months or years after surgery, due to unexplained visual impairment or blurred vision. A case is reported in this article that a 73-year-old female patient who was implanted the same type of hydrophilic acrylate intraocular lens in both eyes during the same period. After 6 years of surgery, the right intraocular lens was completely cloudy, while the left intraocular lens remained completely transparent. Significant differences were found in two eyes clinical symptoms,optical coherence tomography (OCT), and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) examination results. After surgical treatment, the vision of eye with intraocular lens opacity has recovered satisfactorily. In the article, the detailed record of the patient's preoperative relevant information, surgical treatment, and examination results of removing the intraocular lens were stated. The analysis and discussion results were also indicated to provide reference on the diagnosis and treatment of this type of patient for experts and colleagues.
大麻二酚(Cannabidiol,CBD)为大麻提取物中的一种非成瘾性活性成分，是目前研究最热门的植物源性大麻素之一。内源性大麻素系统(endocannabinoid system,ECS)在眼表和视网膜中的研究也已经取得显著进展。CBD可以广泛存在于整个眼球，且其分布和功能具有组织特异性。近年来研究发现CBD具有良好的抗炎、抗损伤、降低眼压及神经保护作用。该文详细介绍了CBD在眼部疾病中的研究进展，以及其对各种眼部疾病的治疗潜力。此外，还讨论了CBD在临床眼科治疗中的应用面临的挑战和未来的发展方向。
Cannabidiol(CBD), a non-addictive active ingredient in cannabis extract, is one of the most popular plant-derived cannabinoids. The study on the endoenuous cannabionoid system (ESC) has made significant progress in the ocular surface and retina. CBD exists extensively in the eyeball, and its distrution and functions of anti-inflammatory,antiinjury, reducing intraocular pressure, and neuroprotective effects have been found. This article introduces the research progress in CBD in eye diseases and the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol for various eye diseases in detailed.Furthermore, the challenges and prospect for the application of CBD in clinical ophthalmology were discussed.
干眼是指以泪膜稳态失衡为主要特征并伴有眼部不适症状的多因素眼表疾病。目前干眼的主要治疗手段包括药物治疗(人工泪液替代疗法、抗炎治疗、免疫抑制治疗)和必要时的手术干预治疗。地夸磷索四钠属于P2Y2受体激动剂，是一种治疗干眼的新型药物。它通过刺激位于眼表组织的P2Y2受体，促进泪液、黏液、脂质分泌，增强泪膜稳定性，从而改善干眼的症状和体征。
Dry eye refers to a series of chronic and progressive ocular surface diseases characterized by imbalanced tear film accompanied with ocular discomfort symptoms. The available methods mainly include pharmacotherapy (artificial tears replacement, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive therapy) and ophthalmic surgery. P2Y2 receptor agonist is a novel pharmaceutical agent for dry eye treatment, which could stimulate tear fluid secretion and mucin secretion through binding with P2Y2 receptors on the ocular surface, so that improve tear film stability and alleviate symptoms of dry eye. 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution is the only P2Y2 receptor agonist available for dry eye.
目的：探讨标准化沟通模式(SBAR)在眼球穿通伤患者护理交班中的应用效果。方法：60例患者作为对照组，使用传统口头方式交班；60例患者作为观察组，使用SBAR沟通模式进行交接。比较两组交班耗时、两组护士对患者病情掌握程度以及患者对护理服务满意度的差异。结果：观察组与对照组比较，上述指标差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：采取SBAR沟通模式交班有助于降低在眼球穿通伤护理中的不良事件发生率，保障了护理质量，提高了交接班效率和患者满意度，适宜推广应用。
Objective: To evaluate the SBAR communication model in the nursing care handover of patients with penetration injuries of eyeball. Methods: Transfer time, receivers’ information retention, and patient’s satisfaction were compared between two groups of patients with penetration injuries of eyeball. A total of 60 patients were handled with the traditional oral communication handover as comparison group and other 60 patients were handled with the SBAR handover as intervention group. Results: When comparing intervention group with comparison group, statistically significant improvements (P<0.05) were observed in all three factors tested. Conclusion:Implementing the communication tool SBAR in the nursing care of patients with penetration injuries of eyeball reduces rate of adverse events, improves patient care quality, enhances transfer efficiency, and boosts patient’s satisfaction.
