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郑州市机关工作者干眼调查

Investigation and analysis of dry eyes among Zhengzhou office workers

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2022年1月 第37卷 第1期 44-51 发布时间: 收稿时间:2022/9/28 10:06:33 阅读量:2804
作者:
关键词:
机关工作者干眼泪膜稳定性危险因素调查泪液分泌
office workers dry eye tear film stability risk factors investigation tear secretion
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2021.12.05
目的:调查干眼在郑州市机关工作者中的患病情况,分析相关危险因素,为有效防治干眼提供科学依据。方法:选取2019年9月到2020年9月在郑州大学第一附属医院体检的郑州市机关工作者873例。采用自行设计的一般资料问卷和OCULUS Jenvis-OSDI干眼问卷进行调查,记录评分结果,同时检查记录裂隙灯、角膜荧光素染色评分(corneal fluorescein staining score,FL)、基础泪液分泌实验(Schimier I test,SIT)、泪膜破裂时间(tear break-up time,BUT)测定结果。统计分析机关工作者干眼患病率与危险因素。结果:体检的873例郑州市机关工作者中360例诊断为干眼,干眼总患病率为41.24%,女性患病率(44.62%)明显高于男性(36.26%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.014)。干眼问卷OSDI评分与FL评分呈正相关,BUT与SIT呈正相关,OSDI(和FL评分)与BUT(和SIT)呈负相关。Logistics多因素分析表明:干眼家族史、绝经、曾行眼部手术、滴眼液使用情况、长时间佩戴角膜接触镜、长时间操作视频终端、睡眠不足、糖尿病史是机关工作者干眼患病的危险因素(均P<0.05),而饮酒是保护因素(P=0.001)。结论:机关工作者干眼患病率较高,危险因素囊括家族患干眼史、绝经、曾行眼部手术、滴眼液使用情况、长时间佩戴角膜接触镜、长时间操作视频终端、睡眠不足、糖尿病病史。加强干眼防治的宣传教育,针对不同危险因素提供眼健康指导并进行防控治疗,保护机关工作者的眼健康。
Objective: To investigate and analyze the prevalence of dry eyes in Zhengzhou office workers, and identify the related risk factors in order to provide evidence for effective prevention and treatment. Methods: We selected 873 cases of Zhengzhou office workers who had checkup in our hospital from September 2019 to September 2020 as the research subjects. They were investigated with self-designed general information questionnaire and OCULUS Jenvis-OSDI dry eye questionnaire and scores of the questionnaires will be assessed. At the same time,they underwent dry-eye-related inspections such as slit lamp examination, corneal fluorescein staining score (FL), Schimier I test (SIT) and tear break-up time (BUT) assessment. The prevalence and risk factors of dry eyes in these office workers were statistically analyzed. Results: Among 873 Zhengzhou office workers, 360 cases were diagnosed as dry eyes, and the total prevalence of dry eye was 41.24%. The female prevalence rate was 44.62%, which was significantly higher than that of male (36.26%, P=0.014). OSDI scores and FL scores were positively correlation as well as BUT and SIT, while OSDI (and FL) and BUT (and SIT) were negatively correlation. Logistic multivariate analysis showed that dry eyes family history, menopause, ocular surgery history, eye drops using, long time corneal contact lenses wearing, long time video terminal operating, lack of sleep and diabetes history were independent risk factors in office workers’ dry eye disease (all P<0.05), while drinking was protective factor (P=0.001). Conclusion: The dry eyes prevalence is high among office workers. The risk factors include dry eye family history, menopause, ocular surgery history, eye drops using, long time corneal contact lenses wearing, long time video terminal operating, lack of sleep and diabetes history. We should strengthen the publicity and education of the dry eye prevention and treatment, provide eye health guidance, prevention and treatment according to different risk factors, and protect the office workers’ eye health.
    干眼是一类最常见的慢性眼表损害性疾病,可引起眼部不适与视觉功能异常[1-4]。随着空气污染加剧,空调、电子设备使用普及,工作方式改变,眼部隐形眼镜佩戴等因素影响,干眼患者越来越多[5],使患者的视觉质量受到严重危害,对其正常的工作生活带来不良影响[6],已被纳入公共问题引起高度关注。众所周知造成干眼的主要原因有泪液分泌不足与蒸发过快,眨眼次数减少,泪膜分布不均[7-9]。而机关工作者处于相对工作密闭环境中,空调使用时间较久,空气湿度相对低,引起泪液蒸发快,泪膜破裂时间(tear break-up time,BUT)短;使用电脑等电子设备办公持续时间较久,注意力集中,瞬目运动少,容易出现干眼症状。由于其工作性质的特殊性,干眼常被忽视。我国目前对干眼的流行病学调查较少,尚缺乏对于特殊人群(机关工作者)的相关调查研究,因此,为了解机关工作者干眼发生情况,本研究对2019年9月到2020年9月在郑州大学第一附属医院体检的郑州市机关工作者进行干眼流行病学情况分析,探讨干眼发病的危险因素,以期对机关工作者的眼部健康、临床预防和早期干预提供重要的理论依据及更多的指导,现报告如下。

1 对象与方法

1.1 对象

    收集2019年9月 至2020年9在郑州大学第一附属医院体检中心进行体检并自愿参与本研究的郑州市机关工作者,排除免疫性疾病导致的干眼、恶性肿瘤、严重眼外伤、眼部炎症感染、义眼、睑内外翻、盲眼、眼部先天畸形、角膜病变(角膜瘢痕、溃疡、水肿、圆锥角膜)、严重肝肾功能障碍等,共收集873例,年龄23~95(56.93±16.65)岁,其中男353例,女520例。本研究通过郑州大学第一附属医院医学伦理委员会审核批准。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 一般资料调查表
    研究者自行设计调查表,内容包括年龄、性别、学历、干眼家族史、上班时间、绝经、吸烟、饮酒、曾行眼部手术、滴眼液使用情况、长时间佩戴角膜接触镜、长时间操作视频终端、避孕药服用史、睡眠不足、高血压史、糖尿病病史。
1.2.2 临床表现
    主要有眼部干涩不适感、异物感、酸痛感、瘙痒感、烧灼感、眼睑沉重感、眼胀、怕光、流泪、黏液丝状分泌物增多、眼红、视物模糊不清、视力波动、易疲劳等。
1.2.3 眼表症状指数问卷 (OSDI)
    眼表症状指数问卷(ocular surface disease index,OSDI)内容包括患者主观感受、用眼习惯及环境3大项目内容,共12道题,满分100,项目及评分标准参照文献[10-12]。总得分=各项症状得分之和×25/回答问题数。
1.2.4 眼部检查
    内容包括:1)BUT。使用荧光素钠染色,嘱眨眼数次保持睁眼,睁眼开始计时,记录角膜上出现第一个干燥斑的时间间隔。2 )角膜荧光素钠染色(corneal fluorescein staining score,FL)积分。评分标准如下:无着色为0分,点状着色≤20个为1分,点状着色>20个为2分,片状着色为3分 。3 )泪液分泌实验(Schimier I test,SIT) 。结膜囊表面麻醉后,将试纸条 0 刻度处折弯,折叠端放入下方结膜囊中外1/3处,闭眼5 min后取出试纸条,放置2 min后测定湿润滤纸条长度[13]

1.3 诊断标准

    干眼诊断标准如下:1 )临床表现其中任何一项或多项。2)BUT <10 s。3)SIT <10 mm/5 min。4)FL ≥1。排除其他原因,具有以上1)和2)/3)/4)或2)、3)、4)中任意两项即可诊断干眼。

1.4 统计学处理

    使用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行数据分析。计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组比较采用t检验,多组间比较应用单因素方差分析,各组间两两比较采用SNK-q检验;计数资料采用率或比(%)表示,组间比较应用χ2检验;等级资料两两比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;采用Spearman相关分析进行相关性分析;采用logistic多因素分析找出相关危险因素,以P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 基本情况

    共有873例机关工作者纳入实验,男353例,女 520 例,诊断干眼者 360例,总患病率为41.24%;其中女性232例,患病率为44.62%;男性128例,患病率为36.26%;女性干眼患病率高于男性,差异有统计学意义(χ2 =6.075,P=0.014)。年龄40~60岁组男性121人,干眼患者43人;女性173人,干眼患者8 2人,女性患病率(41.62%)高于男性(35.54%),差异有统计学意义(χ2 =4.099,P=0.043,表1)。不同年龄分组间干眼患病率、眼表OSDI评分、BUT、SIT以及FL积分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表2)。

表1 机关工作者不同年龄、性别组干眼患病数比较
Table 1 Comparison of dry eye situation in offiffiffice workers among difffferent age and sex groups

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表2 机关工作者不同年龄组干眼患病率及眼表相关指标比较
Table 2 Comparison of dry eye situation in offiffiffice workers and ocular surface indexes among difffferent age groups

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2.2 干眼眼表情况

    机关工作者中干眼患者OSDI评分与FL积分明显高于非干眼组,而BUT与SIT明显低于非干眼组(均P<0.001,表3)。OSDI评分与FL积分呈正相关(r=0.852,P<0.001),分别与BUT和SIT呈负相关(r=?0.857,P<0.001;r=?0.700,P<0.001);FL积分与BUT和SIT呈负相关(r=?0.761,P<0.001;r = ?0.621 , P < 0.001) ; BUT 与 SIT 呈正相关(r=0.643,P<0.001,表4)。

2.3 机关工作者干眼相关因素分析

    Logistics多因素分析表明干眼家族史、绝经、既往曾做过眼部手术、滴眼液使用情况、长时间佩戴角膜接触镜每天超过4h、长时间操作视频终端、睡眠不足、糖尿病史是危险因素,饮酒是保护因素(表5,6)。

表3 机关工作者干眼与眼表相关指标分析
Table 3 Offiffiffice workers’ dry eyes and ocular surface related indexes

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表4 机关工作者眼表状态相关指标的相关性
Table 4 Correlation of offiffiffice workers’ ocular surfaces related indexes

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表5 机关工作者女性亚群干眼相关因素分析
Table 5 Analysis of dry-eye-related factors in female subgroups of offiffiffice workers

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表6 机关工作者干眼相关因素分析
Table 6 Analysis of offiffiffice workers’ dry-eye-related factors

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3 讨论

    干眼是一种全球流行性慢性眼病,随着生活方式改变、空气污染、电子终端产品的应用普及,空调房及密闭空间中生活,干眼患病率呈现逐年增高趋势,因此人们更加关注眼表健康问题。我国干眼患病率差异较大,流行病学调查结果显示为9.88%~57.0%[11,14-17]。本调查结果显示机关工作者干眼患病率较高(41.24%),与他们长时间不间断操作视频终端,长期生活在空气流通性差的空调房中,睡眠不足,干眼诊断标准等有关[18]
    本研究分析结果表明干眼家族史、绝经、既往做过眼部手术、滴眼液使用情况、长时间佩戴角膜接触镜每天超过4h、长时间操作视频终端、睡眠不足、糖尿病可增加机关工作者干眼发病风险。有干眼家族史易患干眼[11],分析原因有家族遗传、生活习惯、生活环境、饮食习惯相似等。电子化产品使机关工作者办公更加便捷、快速、科学与严谨,但也增加了眼表的损伤的发生。持续长时间操作视频终端增加干眼患病风险,与机体植物神经紊乱,注意力集中,瞬目减少,泪膜稳定性下降,泪液蒸发过快有关[11]。眼部手术、使用抗生素滴眼液增加干眼患病风险,与眼表结构损伤,泪膜稳定性破坏有关[11,19-20]。佩戴角膜接触镜可引起泪膜稳定性下降[21-22]、泪液分泌量减少、破坏角膜结构进而引发干眼[23]。睡眠不足导致干眼与患者植物神经功能紊乱有关。绝经期妇女干眼发病率增加,可能与雌激素分泌水平降低,泪液分泌减少[24],泪液蒸发过快有关[25-26],但也有研究[27]发现加用雌激素治疗并不能降低绝经期妇女干眼患病率,可能雄激素也起到一定作用。糖尿病患者更易患干眼可能与糖尿病患者末梢神经麻痹、泪腺的炎症反应性破坏、结膜杯状细胞丢失导致泪液分泌不足,泪液质量改变有关[28]。本研究发现吸烟对干眼的发病无明显影响,与以往报道[29]不一致,具体原因不清,可能与机关工作者干眼
患病率高,生活环境与习惯的影响大于吸烟的影响。本研究发现饮酒是干眼的保护因素,分析原因可能是由于患者饮酒有助于减少眼部炎症[30-32],促进泪液分泌,但饮酒在干眼发病中的作用尚需进一步研究,与饮酒量、饮酒习惯、饮酒种类等有一定关系。
    本研究采用高效、准确和客观的OSDI干眼问卷评分对机关工作者进行干眼状况评估;采用简单无创的BUT、SIT、FL评分检查方法辅助干眼的诊断,这些检查结果分别反映了泪膜稳定性、分泌泪液量和眼表角结膜上皮完整程度。研究结果发现机关工作者干眼患者BUT明显减少;OSDI干眼问卷评分与FL评分明显增加,说明干眼患者泪膜不稳定、患者主观临床症状明显,角膜上皮损害明显,与以往文献[33]报道一致。同时OSDI、BUT、SIT、FL评分之间存在相关性,表明主观症状140与临床检查一致性较好。本研究显示机关工作者的干眼患者BUT减少,SIT>10 mm,表明机关工作者干眼的产生原因主要是不良用眼习惯引发泪膜不稳定、泪液蒸发过强,而与泪液分泌量关系不大。
    干眼致病因素多样[34],因此需要对患者病史、用眼习惯等进行详细询问。机关工作者在体检时加强用眼知识宣教,进行干眼相关的健康教育,重视用眼卫生,具体措施有:1 )减少视频的长时间操作,用眼1h休息10~15 min;2 )减少熬夜,养成良好生活习惯;3 )避免长时间生活在空调流通差的环境,每日通风;4 )不滥用滴眼液、
减少或不使用角膜接触镜。但本研究仍存在不足之处,仅为横断面研究;未对危险因素进行具体细化,如使用滴眼液种类数量以及与干眼发生的先后,饮酒数量、时间、频次等;未进行干眼严重程度分级;在后续研究中仍需进一步完善。
    机关工作者干眼患病率高、病因繁多,干眼家族史、绝经、眼部手术史、滴眼液使用情况、长时间佩戴角膜接触镜、长时间操作视频终端、睡眠不足、糖尿病等可增加干眼患病风险。加强机关工作者干眼防治,避免诱发因素,去除病因,改变不良生活习惯,减少过度用眼,增强自我防护意识。

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1、张璞. 清眩润目饮加减内外并用配合眼部穴位按摩治疗肺阴不足型干眼的临床观察[D].黑龙江中医药大学,2023.ZHANG Pu. Clinical observation of Qingxuan runmu Yin internal and external therapy combined with acupoint massage in treating dry eye of insufficiency of lung-Yin[D]. Harbin: Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, 2022.
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