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自体脂肪填充术后致眼缺血综合征1例及眼底影像学特征

Ocular ischemia syndrome after autologous fat filling: a case report and fundus imaging features

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2022年8月 第37卷 第8期 671-678 发布时间: 收稿时间:2022/12/1 10:40:54 阅读量:2997
作者:
关键词:
自体脂肪填充眼缺血综合征荧光素眼底血管造影吲哚菁绿血管造影光学相干断层扫描血 管成像
autologous fat filling ocular ischemia syndrome fundus fluorescein angiography Indo cyanine green angiography optical coherence tomography angiography
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2022.07.08
眼缺血综合征(ocular ischemia syndrome,OIS)是由一系列诱因引发的以慢性眼部低灌注为主要临床表现的眼部疾病。临床相对少见,但对视力的影响较大,其症状主要包括一过性黑朦、缺血性眼痛、永久性视力丧失等。近年来医疗美容行业逐步兴起,自体脂肪填充技术使用逐渐增多,其所引起的OIS不可忽视。本文分析1例自体脂肪填充患者术后致OIS病例,研究该类疾病眼底影像学特征。
Ocular ischemia syndrome (OIS), featuring as chronic ocular hypoperfusion, is an eye disease caused by a series of incentives. It is relatively rare in clinical practice, but has a great impact on vision. The symptoms of OIS mainly include transient amaurosis, ischemic eye pain, permanent vision loss, etc. In recent years, with the rise of the Aesthetic Medicine industry, the technology of autologous fat filling has been increasingly adopted. The OIS caused by the surgery of autologous fat filling is nonnegligible. In this paper, by means of analyzing a case that an autologous fat filling surgery resulted in the OIS, discusses features of fundus angiography of OIS.
    近年来微创美容在市场上逐渐兴起,面部注射填充技术因具有见效快、创伤小的优势而受到越来越多爱美人士的青睐,但面部注射填充等引起的血管并发症例数也逐年攀升,不良事件的报道也越来越多,如皮肤组织感染、局部坏死等,甚至出现一系列较为罕见且严重的并发症,例如填充导致视网膜及颅内动脉栓塞[1]等,其中眼部并发症不容忽视,最常见的为突发失明和疼痛。大多数视力丧失的患者视力无法恢复,且中枢神经系统的相关并发症发生率为23.5%[2-5]。笔者通过
分析山东中医药大学附属眼科医院(以下简称“我院”)收治的因自体脂肪填充导致的眼缺血综合征(ocular ischemia syndrome,OIS)1例,来探究OIS的临床影像学特征,现报告如下。

1 临床资料

    患者,女性,38岁,自述19 h前行“鼻背、鼻两侧、眉间脂肪填充术”后出现右眼视力下降,无眼胀痛,急至当地医院就诊,给予甲强龙500 mg静脉滴注,盐酸消旋山莨菪碱注射液(654-2)10 mg+硫酸阿托品注射液0.5 mg球后注射,诺新康(丹参酮IIA磺酸钠注射液)及右旋糖酐静脉滴注,视力略有提高(FC/1.5 m)。CT示:颅脑未见异常,左眼眶内见小气体密度影。患者为求进一步治疗转入我院。入院一般体格检查:患者神志清,精神可,鼻外形正常,微肿胀,少量血性分泌物并结痂,余全身检查未见明显异常。眼部检查:右眼视力FC/10 cm,矫正无助(?2.5/?0.5×5 ),眼压12.5 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),光定位,红绿色觉(?),球结膜无充血,角膜透明,角膜后沉着物(keratic precipitates,KP)(?),房水闪辉(?),瞳孔散大,直径约5 mm,对光反应迟钝,晶状体透明,玻璃体轻度混浊。眼底:视盘色淡红、边界欠清,轻度水肿,动静脉直径比约2 : 3,视网膜在位,黄斑区颞上方隐见黄白色点状病灶,中心凹反光未见(图1 )。左眼视力0.6,最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)1.0,眼压13.0 mmHg。光定位及红绿色觉均正常,前后节检查未见明显异常。
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图1 双眼扫描激光眼底,右眼视盘边界尚清,轻度水肿,视网膜血管走形可,中心凹反光隐约可见,左眼未见明显异常
Figure 1 Binocular scanning laser fundus, the optic disc boundary of the right eye is clear, with mild edema, and retinal blood vessels can be deformed, dimly visible sunken reflections, no obvious abnormality is found in the left eye
    入院后完善荧光素眼底血管造影 (fundus fluorescein angiography , FFA) 、吲哚菁绿血管造影(Indo cyanine green angiography,ICGA) 、光学相干断层扫描血管成像 (optical coherence tomography angiography,OCTA)等相关检查, FFA检查右眼动、静脉充盈时间迟缓,循环时间明显延迟,并可见视网膜动脉“前锋”现象;晚期可见部分视网膜血管壁着染,视盘边界不清,水肿,视网膜血管壁伴有轻-中度着染(图2,3 );ICGA早期脉络膜背景荧光减弱并呈不均匀缓慢充盈状态,血管走行迂曲并在血管造影的早期呈现出黄斑中心区与周边部界限较明显且呈深色垂直状的“分水岭”样改变;脉络膜动脉期,视盘和黄斑之间的分水岭区持续时间长且范围大;晚期眼底后极部及周边部脉络膜背景荧光呈局部充盈缺损状态(图2,3 );OCTA显示右眼黄斑中心凹周围血流密度下降,无灌注区出现;视盘OCTA见视乳头颞侧及鼻下方视网膜外层血流密度较正常降低,视盘周围神经纤维层厚度增厚(图4 )。
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图2 右眼FFA、ICGA结果图
Figure 2 Results of FFA and ICGA in the right eye
(A)FFA;(B)ICGA。动脉期18 s(A1,B1)可见视网膜动脉“前锋”现象(黄色箭头),动静脉期(A2、B2) 23 s,静脉期(A3、B3)31 s。动、静脉充盈时间迟缓,循环时间明显延迟。FFA和ICGA显示后极部脉络膜充盈迟缓,波及黄斑区,31 s时仍未充盈(蓝色箭头)。脉络膜循环时间延长,早期脉络膜背景荧光减弱并呈不均匀缓慢充盈状态,脉络膜血管首先由后极部黄斑颞侧呈局部团状充盈,呈现出黄斑中心区与周边部界限较明显且呈深色垂直状的“分水岭”样改变。
(A) FFA; (B) ICGA. Arterial phase (A1, B1) for 18 s, “for-ward” phenomenon of retinal artery (yellow arrows), arteriovenous phase (A2, B2) for 23 s, venous phase (A3, B3) for 31 s. The filling time of arteries and veins was delayed, and the circulation time was significantly delayed. FFA and ICGA showed that the choroidal filling in the posterior pole was slow, affffecting the macular area, and it was still not filled after 31 s, as shown by the blue arrows in figure (A3, B3). The choroidal circulation time is prolonged, the choroidal background fluorescence is weakened in the early stage and is in an uneven and slow filling state. The choroidal blood vessels first fill locally from the temporal side of the macula at the posterior pole, showing a “watershed” like change with a clear boundary between the central area of the macula and the surrounding area and a dark vertical shape.
    根据患者症状、体征,并结合临床影像学检查,诊断为OIS(右眼)。给予激素冲击及改善微循环、营养神经、中药等中西医结合治疗:甲强龙1 000 mg静脉滴注,血塞通注射液、复方血栓通胶囊活血化瘀,肌苷注射液改善微循环,单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠、鼠神经生长因子、胞磷胆碱钠胶囊营养神经,盐酸消旋山莨菪碱球后注射、硝酸甘油片舌下含化扩张血管,中药血府逐瘀汤加减:桃仁12 g,川芎10 g,生地黄10 g,赤芍10 g,牛膝10 g,桔梗10 g,北柴胡10 g,枳壳10 g,丹参10 g,红花6 g,当归10 g,郁金10 g,甘草10 g,泽兰10 g,水煎服日1剂,早晚温服。
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图3 右眼FFA+ICGA后极部早、中、晚期像图
Figure 3 Early, middle and late images of the posterior pole of FFA + ICGA in the right eye
(A) 0:40 s;(B) 6:21 s;(C) 18:57 s。对比及晚期眼底周边像图(D:上方,E:下方,F:鼻侧)。橙色箭头示视网膜血管壁可伴轻-中度着染;蓝色箭头示视盘水肿,边界不清晰;紫色箭头示造影晚期眼底散在局灶性高荧光,某些小动脉血管的末端可见数条高荧光线;红色箭头示视网膜背景荧光部分充盈缺损。
(A) 0:40 s; (B) 6:21 s; (C) 18:57 s. Contrast and late fundus peripheral image (D: upper, E: lower, F: nasal side). Orange arrow shows that the retinal vascular wall can be accompanied by light to moderate staining; blue arrow shows optic disc edema with unclear boundary; purple arrows show focal hyperfluorescence scattered in the fundus at the late stage of angiography, and several hyperfluorescence rays can be seen at the ends of some arterioles; red arrows show partial filling defect of retinal background fluorescence.
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图4 右眼Angio OCT。右眼黄斑中心凹周围视网膜浅层血流密度下降,视盘OCTA见视乳头颞侧、鼻下方血流密度较正常降低,视盘RNFL在颞上、颞下方增厚明显
Figure 4 Right eye Angio OCT. Superficial retinal blood flow density around macular fovea of right eye decrease, oct of optic disc shows that the blood flow density of temporal side and inferior nose of optic papilla is relatively positive The RNFL of optic disc is thickened obviously in the supratemporal and infratemporal regions

2 讨论

    随着社会的进步和人民物质水平的提高,人们对于生活质量及个人形象有了新的要求,顺应这种社会需求的医疗美容行业蓬勃发展,自体脂肪注射等相关美容技术应运而生。注射类医疗美容项目尽管看似具备很多优势,但研究[3,6]发现其具有潜在的致盲、炎症和脑卒中的风险。有学者[4]回顾性研究98例面部美容填充人员的资料,发现填充物中自体脂肪(47.9%)是导致医源性失明最主要的填充物质。Park等[5]对44例进行了面部注射填充并出现眼动脉栓塞的病例进行研究,发现与以透明质酸作为填充物的患者相比,使用自体脂肪作为填充物的患者其视力损害更为严重,且视力下降所持续的时间更为长久[7-8]
    现有研究[9-12]表明眼动脉发生栓塞主要与脂肪颗粒的大小与面部解剖结构相关。随着研究的深入,发现自体脂肪导致的栓塞可引发眼部缺血综合征。OIS是由同侧颈总动脉或颈内动脉阻塞或狭窄导致视网膜动脉(中央动脉及睫状前/后动脉)的低灌注,而引起的眼部病变。临床可表现为一过性黑朦,或仅表现为视力下降,或部分性/完全性视力丧失,或眼部疼痛;眼前节由于缺血可见新生血管及虹膜萎缩,周边虹膜前粘连甚至房角关闭等病理改变;眼后节可见视网膜动脉变细,静脉扩张,伴有出血,在某些缺血眼,视网膜动、静脉均变细,眼底中周部或后极部可见点片状视网膜出血及微动脉瘤或棉绒斑等[13]。当进行眉间或额部填充物注射时,若误将针头穿入眶上或滑车上动脉时,填充物同样可逆行进入眼动脉,并在眼动脉血流的作用下进一步向眼动脉末梢分支顺行,阻塞在与栓子直径匹配的动脉处,引起眼动脉栓塞,导致失明[14]。本病例患者于外院行鼻背、鼻两侧、眉间自体脂肪填充术,术后出现右眼视力急剧下降、瞳孔扩大、光定位缺失,同时检查排除了心源性、动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死等其他疾病,考虑为脂肪颗粒进入眼动脉及其广泛分支血管,造成眼部缺血障碍,形成局灶阻塞。如临床影像学描述,该患者FFA、ICGA中表现出视网膜动静脉循环时间显著延迟、斑驳样脉络膜充盈、视网膜动脉前锋现象、血管壁着染、视盘边界不清晰及脉络膜背景充盈缺损、分水岭样等表现与既往OIS眼底血管造影研究相一致,患者左眼未见异常荧光。OCTA显示右眼黄斑中心凹周围血流密度下降,无灌注区出现,黄斑中心凹处脉络膜厚度为163 μm,较正常薄,脉络膜血流未见异常改变;视盘OCTA见视乳头颞侧及鼻下方视网膜外层血流密度较正常降低,视盘周围神经纤维层厚度增厚。以上结果均提示血液循环降低及血流低灌注的表现。杨秀芬等[15]发现OIS的FFA多表现为视网膜血管处于低灌注状态,且灌注时间显著延迟,这是OIS特异性表现。而黄斑区附近为毛细血管无灌注较明显的区域,视网膜毛细血管的无灌注区大多分布于中周部,荧光血管造影中无灌注区的形成主要由血管内皮细胞和周细胞的损伤及血管闭塞所导致[16-17]。有学者[18-19]发现:正常情况下荧光造影剂在脉络膜出现的时间为脉络膜动脉血管充盈后的5 s内,但在眼缺血综合征患者中,臂-脉络膜的循环时间及脉络膜内循环时间(分别约为10 s、5~6 s)都显著延长,有时充盈时间会长达1 min甚至更久。
    本病例FFA可见OIS患者眼部血流充盈缓慢。FFA是目前诊断OIS重要检查手段,其早期图像对于确诊OIS至关重要。而ICGA可以更好地评估脉络膜血管的异常,脉络膜充盈时间延长虽然不是诊断OIS最敏感的指征,却是最特异的血管造影标志,有利于此类疾病的辅助诊疗。由于FFA属于有创性检查,需散瞳且耗时长,使用造影剂还存在致敏的风险,故不宜对OIS进行短期、多次监测,患者对于FFA的有创操作存在一定排斥。因此,非侵入、无造影剂风险的OCTA可能会是更好的选择。OCTA不仅可以逐层观察视网膜血管,还能清晰、直观地了解视网膜血流密度、血管厚度及中心凹无血管区面积(foveal avascular zone,FAZ)等其他相关指标,并且患者表示该检查更易接受。Saito等[20]曾报道了1例使用OCTA评估颈内动脉狭窄引起的OIS病例,结果显示经治疗后,FAZ面积减小,浅层和深层视网膜血流密度增加,表明术后OIS患者眼部血液循环及灌注有所提高。
    目前尚无治疗OIS的临床指南,最常用的有抗血管内皮生长因子药物治疗OIS并发的新生血管性青光眼(neovascular glaucoma,NVG)。有研究[21]表明玻璃体内注射贝伐单抗能成功消退患者虹膜和房角新生血管,在眼后节也可使用抗VEGF药物和类固醇来治疗OIS并发的黄斑水肿。本次治疗采用中西医结合的方式。中医称OIS为“暴盲”,证以气滞血瘀为主,治疗予以活血化瘀,因此对该患者给予血府逐瘀汤配合血塞通注射液、复方血栓通胶囊进行活血化瘀,肌苷注射液、胞磷胆碱钠胶囊改善微循环,甲强龙抗炎,单唾液酸四己糖神经节苷脂钠、鼠神经生长因子调节神经,盐酸消旋山莨菪碱球后注射解除平滑肌阵挛等。通过该病历本组认为因脂肪栓塞引起的眼缺血综合征治疗应以祛瘀活血为主,通过中西医结合对发生栓塞的微血管进行疏通,并配合改善微循环、调节周围神经的适应性,可达到视力好转的目的。本病例亦有许多不足之处,由于时间原因,该患者未继续行眼动脉及颈动脉彩色多普勒血流成像(color Doppler flow imaging,CDFI)及眼眶彩超等检查,患者虽在我院进行积极治疗,但患者最终视力丧失,目前视力仍为FC,因疫情原因未能再来就诊。
    总之,眼部缺血综合征是一种相对罕见、但极易威胁眼部视力的疾病。面部注射填充虽具有一定时效性,但少数美容者可能会发生医源性眼动脉闭塞,导致眼部缺血综合征,引发一系列较为严重的眼部症状。作为一种多学科交叉疾病,临床医生在接诊及治疗时必须对面部血管解剖有一定的了解,并及时利用先进诊疗技术,针对自体脂肪填充所导致的OIS患者进行诊断和治疗。本组认为通过FFA、ICGA及时检查、诊断,同时予以OCTA进行辅助诊断,而治疗以活血化瘀、改善微循环,控制血管疾病的危险因素,进而达到标本兼治的目的。爱美人士在进行各类医美项目之前,要充分考虑各类项目存在的风险,不要一味追求外在美,只有健康才是最美的。

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1、山东省医药卫生科技发展计划项目 (202007021030)。This work was supported by the Shandong Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Plan Project, China (202007021030)()
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