眼表菌群是定植于眼表的各种微生物群落，以细菌为主。在正常情况下，眼表菌群与人体眼表组织的细胞和平共生，维持眼表的稳态，共同保证眼表的健康。但在环境改变或免疫力低下的情况下，眼表菌群会发生变化，与眼部疾病的产生与发展关系密切，对人类的健康造成巨大的危害。随着组学研究的不断发展，我们对眼表菌群有了新的认识，为眼表疾病的发病机制、治疗开辟了新的思路，同时也提出了新的挑战。本文对国内外眼表菌群与疾病关系进行综述，为眼表疾病的发生、发展以及治疗提供参考。
The microbiome of the ocular surface consists of various microbial communities that colonize on the eye surface, mainly bacteria. The stabilization of the microbiome and the other ocular surface components plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the ocular surface. However, unpredictable changes of ocular surface microbiome are strongly associated with ocular surface diseases in the situation of environmental changes or destruction of immune system. With the innovation of inspection technology, the current gene sequencing technology is applied to detect the ocular surface microbiome and confirm that the eye microbiome is closely related to ocular surface diseases. This paper investigates the corelation of ocular surface microbiomes and diseases. Moreover, we provide areference for the occurrence and development of ocular surface diseases and their treatment.
甲状腺相关眼病是一种器官特异性自身免疫性疾病，其发病机制复杂，是成人最常见的眼眶疾病，且发病率逐年升高。该病不仅会导致眼球突出、眼睑退缩、睑裂扩大、眼球运动障碍等外观上的变化，且患者往往伴发眼红、眼痛、干涩、异物感、复视、视力下降等不适症状，其中眼表疾病的发病率较正常人明显增高，但其具体发病机制尚待进一步挖掘。目前研究表明甲状腺相关眼病患者的眼表损伤主要与眼表暴露增加、炎症侵犯、激素改变有关。角膜、结膜、泪膜、睑板腺等组织受累发生病理改变是患者表现出不同临床症状的直接原因。文章通过分析近年来国内外关于甲状腺相关眼病与眼表疾病等方面的相关研究，针对甲状腺相关眼病眼表损伤的病理改变及机制研究进展做一综述。
Tyroid-associated ophthalmopathy is an organ-specifc autoimmune disease with complex pathogenesis. It is the most common orbital disease in adults, and its incidence increases year by year. Tis disease can not only lead to appearance changes such as eyeball protrusion, eyelid retraction, eyelid cleat enlargement, eye movement disorders, and patients are ofen accompanied by red eyes, eye pain, dryness, foreign body sensation, diplopia, vision loss and other uncomfortable symptoms, among which the incidence of ocular surface diseases is signifcantly higher than that of normal people, but its specifc pathogenesis needs to be further explored. Current studies have shown that ocular surface injury in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy is mainly related to increased ocular surface exposure, infammatory invasion, and hormonal changes. Te pathological changes of cornea, conjunctiva, tear flm, meibomian gland and other tissues involved are the direct causes of different clinical symptoms of patients. In this paper, through the analysis of recent domestic and foreign studies on thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and ocular surface diseases, the pathological changes and mechanism of ocular surface injury in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy were reviewed.
眼球表面鳞状细胞性肿瘤是比较常见的眼表肿瘤，包括鳞状细胞乳头状瘤、日光性角化病、结膜上皮内瘤变和鳞状细胞癌。深入了解这些病变的临床和病理学特点，有利于提高临床诊断的正确性。本文对眼球表面鳞状细胞性肿瘤的类型、临床表现和病理学特点进行阐述，以期对临床诊治提供参考。
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is the most common tumor of the ocular surface, including squamous cell papilloma, actinic keratosis, conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. The extended understanding of clinicopathological features could help improve clinical accurate diagnosis of these lesions. This article reviews the classification, clinical features and pathological characteristics of OSSN to provide the reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
目的：分析新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间实时面对面线上教学(以“腾讯会议”教学为例)在医学教育中的利弊及其与医学生眼表疾病的相关性，为改进线上教育方案、预防干眼提供依据。方法：以中南大学湘雅医学院本科学生为研究对象，采用横断面研究的方法，使用问卷星收集数据，研究实时面对面线上教学的效果及对眼表疾病的影响。结果：共收集到131份有效数据，绝大多数学生(84.73%)认为实时面对面线上教学是有效的，96.18%的学生认为实时面对面线上教学达到或部分达到了学习的目的，但是实时面对面线上教学的师生互动与课堂氛围有待加强，另外网络设备问题也是实时面对面线上教学需要面对的问题。同时，调查显示实时面对面线上教学参与学生的干眼患病率达66.41%，家庭所在地、家庭人均月收入、使用设备、是否全程专注听课与干眼患病率之间无相关性。结论：新型冠状病毒疫情期间实时面对面线上教学在医学教育中是有效的，但是师生互动不足、课堂氛围不够活跃、网络连接不稳定是其主要问题。此外，实时面对面线上教学会增加干眼的发病率，需要提高护眼意识，积极预防。
Objective: To analyze the advantages and disadvantages of real-time face-to-face online teaching (taking “Tencent Conference” teaching as an example) in medical education and its correlation with ocular surface diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to provide basis for improving online education programs and preventing dry eye. Methods: The undergraduate students of Xiangya School of Medicine of Central South University were selected as the research objects. The method of cross-sectional study was used to collect data using questionnaires to study the effect of real-time face-to-face online teaching and its impact on ocular surface diseases. Results: A total of 131 valid data were collected. Among them, the vast majority of students (84.73%) think real time face to face online teaching is effective, and 96.18% of the students believe that real-time face-to-face online teaching at least partly achieved the purpose of learning. However, the interaction between teachers and students and the classroom atmosphere of real-time face-to-face online teaching needs to be strengthened. In addition, network equipment is also a problem that real-time face-to-face online teaching needs to face. Meanwhile, the survey showed that the prevalence rate of dry eye among the students who participated in real-time face-to-face online teaching reached 66.41%, and there was no correlation between the incidence rate of dry eye and the location of family, the per capita monthly income of family, the equipment, and whether they paid full attention to the lectures. Conclusion: Real-time face-to-face online teaching is effective in medical education during COVID-19, but the main problems are insufficient teacher-student interaction, inactive classroom atmosphere and unstable Internet connection. In addition, real-time face-to face online teaching will increase the incidence of dry eye, so it is necessary to improve the awareness of eye protection and actively prevent it.
