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干眼与精神障碍相关性研究进展

Research progress on correlation between dry eyes and mental disorders

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2022年12月 第37卷 第12期 942-947 发布时间: 收稿时间:2023/1/5 11:54:44 阅读量:3381
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关键词:
干眼精神障碍相关性
dry eye mental disorders relevance
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2022.11.02
近年来,由于经济社会不断发展,社会压力增大,人们精神障碍和干眼的发病率不断增加,这既影响人们身心健康,也给社会经济造成一定负担。大量研究表明精神障碍与干眼显著相关,精神障碍是干眼的独立危险因素之一。然而在临床工作中,精神障碍与干眼间的关系在过去一直未受到重视,本文将从精神障碍与干眼关联性入手,探讨其中介作用,总结了精神障碍因素影响干眼症状和体征分离,并进一步倡导跨学科综合管理来治疗干眼,形成对干眼的正确感知并降低疼痛及健康焦虑水平,以期为干眼临床诊疗提供新的视角。
In recent years, due to the continuous development of economy and society and the increasing social pressure, the incidence rate of mental disorders and dry eyes is increasing, which not only affects people’s physical and mental health, but also creates a certain burden on the social economy. A large number of studies have shown that mental disorder is significantly related to dry eye, and mental disorder is one of the independent risk factors of dry eye. However, in clinical work, the relationship between mental disorder and dry eye has not been paid attention in the past. This paper will start with the correlation between mental disorder and dry eye, explore the mediating effects, summarize the mental disorder factors that affect the separation of symptoms and signs of dry eye, and further advocate interdisciplinary comprehensive management to treat dry eye, form a correct perception of dry eye and reduce the level of pain and health anxiety, In order to provide a new perspective for clinical diagnosis and treatment of dry eye.
    干眼为多因素引起的慢性眼表疾病,是由泪液的质、量及动力学异常导致的泪膜不稳定或眼表微环境失衡,可伴有眼表炎性反应、组织损伤及神经异常,造成眼部多种不适症状和/或视功能障碍[1]。干眼的全球患病率为9%~29.5%[2]。中国患病率不同地区差异较大,为6.1%~59.1%[3]。考虑到中国干眼的患病率,我国每年的经济负担约为1 042亿~1 666亿美元,远高于美国社会总的估计年度经济负担554亿美元[4-5],可见干眼作为一种慢性、进展性疾病,已成为全世界严重的公共卫生问题,不仅严重影响患者的生活质量,也给社会带来了沉重的经济负担。
    
干眼病因复杂多样,《中国干眼专家共识:定义和分类(2020年)》[1] 中特别提到,精神障碍,包括焦虑和抑郁情绪会导致干眼的发生。精神障碍(mental disorders,MD)是一种以个体认知、情绪调节、行为显著障碍等方面改变为特征的综合征,反映了精神功能背后的心理,生物或发育过程中的功能障碍[6]。大量流行病学研究[7-14]报道,精神障碍患者中抑郁、焦虑、双相情感障碍、神经症性障碍、创伤后应激障碍、精神分裂症与干眼密切相关,提示精神和心理因素对干眼症状的影响。中国第一次全国性的精神障碍调查[15]现:焦虑症、抑郁症最为普遍。中国有相当大一部分群体受到精神障碍的影响,承受着巨大的疾病负担。精神障碍是干眼患者中一个突出但极易被忽视的问题。据文献[16]报道,干眼患者的焦虑和抑郁更为普遍,与健康对照组相比,干眼患者焦虑和抑郁患病率分别高出2.32和1.81倍。此外,干眼患者的焦虑和抑郁量表评分也显著增高[16]

1 精神障碍与干眼呈正相关

    一项关于干眼与精神障碍的研究[17]显示:精神障碍患者(如抑郁症、焦虑症、精神分裂症、双相情感障碍、神经质和压力)的干眼患病率较高。韩国一项以探索干眼症状与心理健康相关因素的横断面研究[18]表明:在16 471例受试者中,经历心理压力感知并报告抑郁情绪史的人比301名干眼患者和202名患有其他眼表疾病(慢性结膜炎/过敏性结膜炎)的患者具有更多的干眼症状。此外也发现有干眼症状的受试者更有可能经历心理压力感知和抑郁情绪史。一项评估眼病与抑郁间相关性的荟萃分析[19]显示:抑郁在干眼患者中患病率为29%,青光眼患者为25%,AMD患者为24%,白内障患者为23%,可见抑郁在干眼患者的患病率最高。Liang等[10]通过一项大型队列研究发现:与没有干眼的患者相比,干眼患者患双相情感障碍(OR=1.90)、抑郁(OR=1.54)、焦虑(OR=1.34)、精神分裂症(OR=1.34)、神经症性障碍(OR=1.24)及睡眠障碍/失眠(OR=1.19)的风险更高。值得注意的是,一项纵向研究[20]针对诊断为干眼之前未诊断为抑郁或焦虑的患者,通过干眼治疗,干眼症状的改善与心理症状的改善相关。在这些患者中,当他们的干眼症状改善时,心理症状有所改善,患有干眼症状的负担可能导致他们的抑郁和焦虑。台湾一项基于社区6 5岁及以上的2 045例门诊患者资料[12,21]发现:老年干眼患者出现抑郁症状的概率几乎是没有干眼的2倍。这一发现符合在韩国社区居住的老年人中进行的调查[22]此外,Zheng等[19]指出,干眼引起的慢性疼痛可诱发抑郁症,而用于治疗抑郁症的药物可引起或加重干眼。用于治疗精神及情绪类障碍的药物,包括具有抗胆碱能作用的三环类抗抑郁药(tricyclic antidepressive agents,TCAs)、选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂(selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor,SSRIs) 和血清素去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor,SNRIs),可能增加干眼的风险[23]。上述研究表明精神障碍和干眼呈正相关,精神障碍是干眼的独立危险因素之一,即精神障碍患者的主观感受更为敏感,自觉干眼的症状愈加严重;而患者长期的干眼不适会导致焦虑、抑郁等精神障碍的发生或者病情加重[24]。因此眼科医生诊疗干眼除了关注眼睛本身状况外,还应注意其潜在的精神问题,这对防治干眼意义重大。

2 干眼与精神障碍的中介作用

    到目前为止,精神障碍与干眼的发病机制尚不明确,一般认为是多因素共同作用的结果,可能与炎性因子、神经内分泌与精神类药物使用有关[25]干眼与精神疾病之间的关系复杂,尽管这些疾病间一再发现强烈的关联,但它们间的机制仍未被明确定义,这种关系很可能是双向的[16]。抑郁和焦虑可能是干眼的原因和影响,干眼的眼部不适和眼睛疲劳可能会让患者感到痛苦,导致情绪变化[25]因此,寻找二者联系的中介作用成为了当前研究的热点。目前研究认为疼痛和健康焦虑可能介导了干眼与精神障碍的发生。
    在同一项纵向研究[16]中,诊断为干眼之前被诊断为抑郁或焦虑的患者,治疗干眼后干眼症状没有改善,这可能提示干眼与精神疾病相关联的介导机制。许多先前的研究报道抑郁症患者的疼痛感知阈值较低,并且主诉干眼症状通常较无抑郁症患者更严重。Galor等[26]分析干眼治疗效果不佳的原因,发现眼部疼痛没有或部分改善的患者的抑郁评分、神经性眼痛症状水平和全身疼痛评分显著高于完全改善的患者。对这些发现,目前认为干眼、抑郁和焦虑可能是全身性慢性疼痛综合征的表现,其中中枢疼痛处理的改变导致了对疼痛的敏感性升高[27-29]。神经功能障碍引起的“神经性疼痛”在干眼和精神障碍患者的不合理慢性疼痛中起作用,而要进一步阐明这种关联,需要对精神障碍患者出现干眼进行前瞻性研究。He等[30]在天津医科大学眼科医院门诊招募了206例干眼患者,采用回归分析和自举法研究了健康焦虑(health anxiety,HA)对干眼与精神障碍关系的影响,发现干眼严重程度与抑郁和焦虑由H A介导的效应显著(95%CI:0.001~0.016;0.003~0.021)。HA是患者由于对身体感觉或变化的误解而产生对自己健康的担忧[31]。一些研究[32-33]发现:人格、情绪调节和认知等多种因素在HA的发展中起重要作用。高HA患者通常无法区分他们的精神情绪与躯体感觉,对自身躯体症状比正常人更敏感,对躯体症状产生担忧和恐惧,这可能是由他们的非理性感知和信念,导致对躯体感觉的过度关注和反复寻求医疗帮助[34]。HA水平高的人在经历了一段时间的眼睛不适后,认为干眼是一种无法治愈的疾病,并逐渐转向消极的应对方式,在此期间通常不遵循医疗建议和药物治疗方案,导致病情恶化和恢复预期较低,最终导致焦虑、抑郁等精神障碍疾病[35]。既往研究[36]证实这种焦虑扭曲了患者的认知和对其身体状况的评估,导致抑郁、焦虑及其他心理问题,进而导致功能障碍和医源性损伤。干眼与精神障碍密切关联,疼痛和HA可能介导了干眼与精神障碍的发生。未来的研究除了疼痛和HA之外,还应包括心理介导变量,如人格,以进行更全面和深入的探索[37]。

3 精神障碍影响干眼症状和体征分离

    临床上,诊断干眼需要眼部检查的客观结果和干眼的主观症状。研究[38]发现:干眼患者的主观症状与体征间常存在分离现象,即患者的主诉和医生的检查结果不相匹配,多表现为症状非常严重而体征相对轻微,这使得该疾病的诊断和治疗具有挑战性。虽然这种差异部分可解释为当前可用的干眼测试可靠性有限,但干眼的异质性和干眼症状感知的个体变异性也可能起重要作用[39]。特别是专注于干眼与神经或精神疾病关联的研究[17]表明:出现这种分离现象的重要原因可能是患者的精神障碍和精神状态。许多流行病学研究[10,40]调查了精神状态与干眼间的联系,发现在多数情况下,具有精神障碍和使用精神药物的干眼患者,非眼部因素与干眼症状的相关性比眼表体征更为强烈。最新关于干眼与精神疾病的系统评价和荟萃分析[16]显示:与对照组相比,抑郁和焦虑在干眼患者中更为普遍和严重,且抑郁和焦虑与干眼症状相关,与体征无关。精神障碍越重,干眼的症状评分越高[41]。一项关于干眼与焦虑抑郁的前瞻性研究[20]表明:干眼的严重程度与抑郁和焦虑的严重程度呈正相关,但焦虑或抑郁更严重的患者的干眼可能对干眼治疗没有反应。因此,当干眼症状与体征不成比例时,有严重干眼症状的患者可能受益于精神相关因素的筛查。这些发现突出了干眼与精神疾病之间的相互关系,表明精神状态可能调节DE患者的症状表现。

4 精神障碍相关药物使用与干眼

    目前,精神障碍患病率的升高使得精神类药物的使用不断增加[42]。与一般人群相比,精神障碍患者和使用精神类药物的患者干眼发病率更高[43-44]。常用的精神类治疗药物,如 TCAs 、SSRIs、SNRIs、锂等广泛运用于抑郁、焦虑、神经症性障碍、精神分裂症、双相情感障碍和注意力缺陷多动障碍等精神疾病[44-49]。TCAs具有严重的抗胆碱能作用,其与干眼发病显著相关[50-51]。研究[52]发现:SSRIs和SNRIs是干眼的独立危险因素。Ko?er等[51]通过病例对照研究发现:使用SSRIs的患者与使用其他类型的精神药物或不使用这些药物的患者相比,干眼患病率显著升高。Zhang等[53]通过建立大鼠抑郁模型,发现SSRIs破坏角膜上皮屏障,增加泪液5 -羟色胺水平,通过激活NF-κB信号转导促进眼表炎症反应和细胞凋亡,加重与抑郁相关的干眼。此外,Dibajnia等[14]研究发现:接受碳酸锂治疗的双相情感障碍患者与未服用任何局部或全身药物相匹配的双相情感障碍患者做对照,泪膜破裂时间(tear break-up time,TBUT)显著缩短,提示泪膜较差,与干眼关联密切。随着多种药物的使用,眼部不良反应的发生率显著增加,这在精神障碍患者的治疗中非常常见。目前尚无有关干眼既定的精神科药物使用指南,精神科医生和眼科医生需要意识到精神科药物对泪膜稳定性潜在的药物诱导不良影响[54]

5 跨学科综合管理治疗干眼

    尽管干眼广泛流行,但由于客观的临床体征往往与患者报告的症状相冲突,眼表疾病仍然很难控制。目前治疗干眼的思路多数针对的是炎症、泪膜不稳定等,缓解患者的局部症状,未能有效解决根本问题。泪液内稳态丧失以外的其他情况可能会导致干眼症状,而仅恢复受损泪膜稳定性可能效果较差[38]。事实上,尽管对干眼进行了充分治疗,但患者出现严重症状而不伴有眼表疾病体征的情况并不罕见。在这些患者中,主观症状通常与焦虑、抑郁或其他心理健康问题相关,更符合他们的精神心理健康状况,而不是泪膜功能障碍。充分了解精神障碍与干眼两者的关联,对干眼诊疗采用合适的方法具有十分重要的临床意义。因此,行为干预以形成对干眼的正确感知并降低疼痛和HA水平是必要的[30]。在这种情况下,建议采用跨学科综合管理治疗方法,适当筛查及转诊给心理学家或精神科医生可能是管理干眼患者症状与客观体征分离的关键[43]。而眼科医生和精神科医生共同参与干眼患者的治疗,不仅可以帮助缓解精神疾病症状,为精神疾病提供适当的治疗,还可以在减少干眼症状方面发挥作用[55]。研究[53]发现:常用的精神类药物,如SSRIs使用相关的干眼,可通过NF-κB信号转导抑制剂(如JSH-23)进行挽救,从而为干眼提供了一种潜在的治疗策略。这些目标可能将成为未来干眼疗法研究的重要原则[55-56]

6 结语

    综上所述,精神障碍在干眼患者中普遍且严重,两者相互影响。高HA的患者长期干眼不适,认为干眼是一种难以治愈的疾病,从而导致焦虑、抑郁等精神障碍的发生或者病情加重;而精神障碍患者的主观感受更为敏感,自觉眼部干涩疼痛,导致干眼的症状愈加严重。目前治疗干眼的思路多以缓解患者的局部症状,未能有效解决根本问题。要重视干眼患者的精神症状,尤其是对于那些耐传统干眼症状治疗的患者。此外,对于出现干眼症状和体征分离的患者及精神类药物诱发干眼的患者,眼科医生应当重视精神障碍与干眼的相关性,除需要关注眼睛状况外,还应注意其潜在的精神问题。因此,精神障碍的识别和筛查可以作为干眼治疗的补充,眼科医生和精神科医生共同参与,通过跨学科综合管理治疗的方法,形成患者对干眼的正确感知并降低疼痛和健康焦虑水平,这对于预防和降低干眼发病率以及延缓疾病的进程,尽早改善患者的不适症状,提高生活质量和减轻社会经济负担具有重要的临床意义。未来建议开展精神障碍与干眼间相关性的多中心、大样本临床研究,进一步阐明干眼与精神障碍的方向性和中介作用,为指导临床治疗提供切实依据。

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亚洲干眼协会中国分会, 海峡两岸医药卫生交流协会眼科学专 业委员会眼表与泪液病学组, 中国医师协会眼科医师分会眼表 与干眼学组. 中国干眼专家共识:定义和分类(2020年)[ J]. 中 华眼科杂志, 2020, 56(6): 418-422.
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1、刘玉玲,何雅迪,路雪婧.新型腹针治疗失眠、抑郁相关干眼的理论探讨和研究现状[J].中国中医眼科杂志,2023,33(03):278-281.DOI:10.13444/j.cnki.zgzyykzz.2023.03.019.LIU Yuling, HE Yadi, LU Xuejing. Theoretical discussion and research status of innovative abdominal acupuncture therapy for dry eye[J]. China J Chin Ophthalmol, 2023, 33(3): 278-281.
1、四川省中央引导地方科技发展专项项目 (2021ZYD0095)。
This work was supported by the special project of Sichuan Provincial Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development, China (2021ZYD0095).()
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