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飞秒制瓣LASIK术后调节痉挛致视力下降1例

Acquired visual loss attributed to an accommodative spasm after FS-LASIK surgery: a case report

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2021年12月 第36卷 第12期 972-976 发布时间:2021-12 收稿时间:2023/5/9 9:07:59 阅读量:2985
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关键词:
调节痉挛视功能检查视功能训练
accommodative spasm visual function examination visual function training
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2021.07.21
本文报告1例2 8岁男性青年患者,行飞秒制瓣准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(laser-assisted situ keratomileusis,LASIK)术 后1个月视力进行性下降,小瞳下行电脑验光矫正视力,右眼为0.3(-0.25×86°),左眼为0.2(-0.50×91°)。眼前节及眼底检查未见器质性病变,视觉电生理检查未见异常。视光专科检查示负相对调节/正相对调节(negative correlatione regulation/positive ccorrelation regulation,NRA/PRA):+2.00 D/?10.00 D(行PRA时稍作停顿后又可看清),Flipper拍检查:右眼(oculus dexter,OD) 10 cpm(+),左眼(oculus sinister,OS) 22 cpm(+),双眼(binocular,OU)12 cpm(+),正镜片逐渐通过困难。隐斜检查:2△BO@D,13△BI@N。调节性集合与调节的比值(accommodation convergence/accommodation,AC/A)=1。患者PRA显著增高,Flipper检查正片通过困难,看近时外隐斜大于看远,提示可能存在“集合不足,调节超前”。给予托比卡胺滴眼液滴眼3次后验光:OD +1.00/-0.50×80°=1.0,OS +0.75/-0.25×65°=1.0,进一步证实了“调节痉挛”的诊断。给予托比卡胺滴眼液滴双眼,睡前1次,结合调节放松训练。4周后,裸眼视力及屈光度稳定在正常范围。临床上对于视力下降原因不明、排除眼部器质性疾病的患者,经过仔细询问病史、睫状肌麻痹检影和视功能检查“调节痉挛”不难诊断。除传统的睫状肌麻痹剂和近附加镜外,治疗方案建议加用视功能训练可使视力恢复并稳定。
A 28-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of blurred vision in both eyes after LASIK flap made by femtosecond laser surgery for 1 month. The best corrected visual acuity based on computerized optometry was 0.3 (-0.25×86°) in the right eye and 0.2 (-0.50×91°) in the left eye. Routine examinations were conducted to exclude eye diseases. Visual electrophysiological examination showed no abnormalities. Optometry specialty examination: negative relative accommodation (NRA) and positive relative accommodation (PRA) were +2.00 D/?10.00 D (when doing PRA, the patient could see clear slowly after a pause). Flipper examination showed: OD 10 cpm(+), OS 22 cpm(+), OU 12 cpm(+). Phoria-measurement showed 2 prism degree BO@D and 13 prism degree BI@N. AC/A=1. The patient’s high PRA, flipper examination results and convergence insufficiency at near distance indicated the possibility of “convergence insufficiency and accommodative spasm”. Cycloplegic refraction was planned to assess the real diopter. After instillation of cycloplegic drops, the UCVA improved to 1.0 and the refractive error to -0.25×93 in the right eye, in the left eye to 1.0 and the refractive error to -0.25×75. the BCVA was 1.0 (+1.00/-0.50×80°) in the right eye and 1.0 (+0.75/-0.25×65°) in the left eye. A diagnosis of accommodative spasm was made. The patient was counseled and continued cycloplegic drops one time daily before bedtime, participated in vision training for 4 weeks. This patient was a rare occurrence of accommodative spasm after FSLASIK surgery. Young patients with poor gain in UCVA can be subjected to a corrective procedure accidentally. Relaxation exercises and cycloplegic drops may cure accommodative spasm. For patients with unexplained causes of vision loss and excluded organic diseases of the eye, it is not difficult to diagnose “accommodative spasm” by careful medical history inquiry, ciliary muscle paralysis optometry and visual function examination. In addition to traditional ciliary palsy agent and reading glasses, it is suggested that visual function training can restore and stabilize the treatment effect.
准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(laser-assisted situ keratomileusis,LASIK)通过应用准分子激光消融角膜改变角膜前表面曲率,达到矫正屈光不正的目的。然而部分患者在术后早期会出现近距离工作时视物不清、视疲劳等视觉不适症状,主要与术后调节幅度和调节量的变化有关。本文报告1例LASIK术后出现调节痉挛的患者的诊断和治疗过程。

1 临床资料

患者,男,2 8岁,主诉:双眼近视激光术后1个月余,视力进行性下降。未述余特殊不适,未特殊处理。否认近期发热史、头部外伤史和精神方面疾病史。既往史:术前近视双眼-5.00 D。体格检查:小瞳下行电脑验光右眼(oculus dexter,OD) -0.25 × 86 ° =0.3;左眼(oculus sinister,OS)-0.50×91°=0.2。角膜透明,前房(-),眼底未见异常。视野、光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)、眼底照相、视网膜电图(electroretinogram,ERG)、视觉诱发电位(visual evoked potential,VEP)均未见异常。角膜地形图显示中心切削。临床检查未见阳性体征,考虑患者新兵入伍,不能耐受军队体能训练,可疑伪盲。

1.1 检查

视光专科检查:负相对调节/正相对调节(negative correlatione regulation/positive ccorrelation regulation,NRA/PRA)为+2.00 D/-10.00 D(行PRA时稍作停顿后又可看清),Flipper拍检查:O D 10 cpm(+),OS 22 cpm(+),双眼(binocular,OU)12 cpm(+),正镜片逐渐通过困难。隐斜检查:2BO@D,13BI@N。调节性集合与调节的比值(accommodation convergence/accommodation,AC/A)=1。患者PRA显著增高,Flipper检查正片通过困难,看近时外隐斜大于看远,提示可能存在“集合不足,调节超前”所致的视力下降。给予托比卡胺滴眼液滴眼3次后验光:OD+1.00/-0.50×80°=1.0,OS+0.75/-0.25×65°=1.0。进一步证实了上述诊断。

1.2 治疗

1 )使用托比卡胺滴眼液滴双眼,睡前1次;2)Flipper拍:先单眼再双眼,训练1 min,休息30 s为1个循环,重复进行;3)双眼调节的交替训练:右眼前加+0.50 D,左眼前加-0.50 D,交替阅读注视卡,连续循环20次;再左右眼交换镜片后,交替阅读注视卡,连续循环20次;4)嘱2周后复查,不适随诊。

1.3 复诊

2周后视光专科复查:小瞳下主觉验光OD1.0- -0.25×93°=1.0,OS 1.0- -0.25×75°=1.0;NRA/PRA:+2.75 D/-4.50 D;Flipper:OD 17 cpm,OS 11 cpm,OU 19 cpm。隐斜检查:2△BI@D,0@N。治疗同前,嘱1个月后复查。
1个月后视光专科复查:小瞳下主觉验光OD 1.0+ -0.25×87°=1.0+,OS 1.0+ -0.25×61°=1.0+;NRA/PRA:+2.75 D/-4.00 D;Flipper:OD 20 cpm,OS 20 cpm,OU 20 cpm。隐斜检查:0@ D,2BI@N。

2 讨论

调节痉挛(accommodative spasm),也被定义为调节过度(accommodative excess)、调节超前(hyperaccommadation)、假性近视(pseudomyopia)、睫状肌麻痹(ciliary spasm)。主要由睫状肌过度调节,或者晶状体调节过于活跃所致[1]。睫状肌的活动形成调节,而调节存在双重神经支配。副交感神经兴奋传出冲动增加使睫状肌收缩,产生近调节;交感神经传出冲动减少,睫状肌松弛,产生远调节。调节痉挛是当副交感神经系统被过度刺激时,出现睫状肌强直、调节过度[1-2]
调节痉挛通常由眼本身因素所致,在长时间近距离过度用眼或照明过强、过弱、眼部手术等情况下,加上全身状态的影响,引发典型的近视加重或远视减少,且突然发生、反复发作伴最佳矫正视力下降,也可伴明显眼部及全身症状,如眼痛眼胀、复视、畏光、眼动受限、头痛、头晕等[3-6]。因为调节与辐辏关联,调节异常往往合并过度辐辏造成内斜视和复视、瞳孔缩小[7]。也可能患者集合不足,动用过度的调节集合以代偿正性融像性聚散功能,此时调节过度是继发因素。
调节痉挛在临床上并不多见,Daum等[8]回顾分析了114例调节异常的病例,其中调节痉挛仅占4例(2.5%)。Lara等[9]报道临床上调节失调大概占22.3%,Porcar等[10]报道的调节失调在人群中大概占32.3%,而其中的调节过度分别占6.4%、10.8%。调节过度相对调节痉挛,其临床症状相对更轻一些,因此Lara等[9]和Porcar等[10]报道的调节痉挛比例较Daum等[8]的略高。调节痉挛多见于年轻人,分为功能性和器质性,且功能性或精神性占多数[6]。但调节异常往往发生在眼外伤、头部手术或者头颅肿瘤后,这类器质性调节痉挛也是青少年多见[11],发生机制可能为副交感神经第三脑神经亚核控制调节的部分受到刺激或者脑干中心的脱抑制[12]。因此对于调节异常的患者有必要进行头颅磁共振检查,并且嘱咐患者做好长期随访工作[13]
近视患者准分子术后早期出现视疲劳症状比较常见,尤其是在近距离工作时出现,主要是由于手术消除了后顶点距离,且长期配戴框架眼镜的近视患者相对正视眼或配戴角膜接触镜的近视人群调节需求减少,长期处于低调节的状态[14],因此术后早期可能不能太适应新的屈光状态,导致调节力的改变[15]。且术后早期因为大部分患者存在轻度过矫,而出现远视漂移,使得术后需要动用更多的调节,这个时期如果患者存在自身调节力不足或者集合功能较差、不能适应早期增加的调节需求,往往会在近距离工作时出现疲劳症状[16]。但术后出现类似这篇报道严重的调节痉挛的病例并不多见。
治疗上首现需要找到病因,并联合使用睫状肌麻痹剂、双光或多焦点眼镜以及视功能训练来放松过度紧张的调节和集合[6]。调节痉挛的患者对睫状肌麻痹剂效果显著,但是需要持续较长的治疗时间,才能达到有效缓解和病情稳定的目的[7]。临床已有停药后又反弹的病例[17],所以治疗上需要逐步停药和规律随访。虽然目前尚没有用药时间的金标准,但建议至少1年的规律复查,逐渐减少睫状肌麻痹剂的使用频率,直至患者对睫状肌麻痹剂的反应减弱时再停药,这样才会避免过早停药带来的治疗反复性。本文报道的患者因为调节痉挛不严重,仅用托吡卡胺滴眼液就可以放松紧张的睫状肌来恢复矫正视力。临床上有些严重的调节痉挛患者只有在使用了强效睫状肌麻痹剂阿托品滴眼液后,才能达到正常的矫正视力,这类患者则需要长期使用阿托品滴眼液并逐渐减量到最后停药。在使用睫状肌麻痹剂放松调节的同时需要给予看近附加,因为阿托品滴眼后患者看近模糊会刺激患者在看近时使用过度的调节来代偿,由此可能会引起过度辐辏而出现内斜视,看近给予近附加则可以放松调节避免出现辐辏过度。
功能性视力不良与双眼集合功能、调节功能不良有关。调节痉挛会引起视力下降[18-19]。集合不足的患者容易引起眼肌性疲劳,当调节功能过度代偿时,调节功能不稳定或者调节功能痉挛就可能出现视物模糊、矫正视力下降,部分患者表现为散瞳时调节功能放松矫正视力达到正常,而瞳孔恢复后矫正视力下降,过强的调节反应又会影响患者的双眼视力,加重视疲劳症状。在动用融像性功能代偿斜位时,也会反过来增加调节功能负担,进一步引起视力下降[20-21]。许多调节痉挛的患者单使用散瞳,不能完全放松过强的调节反应,从而影响矫正视力的恢复。除传统的睫状肌麻痹剂外,建议在治疗上联合使用视功能训练,用正负镜片排序或者Hart表放松调节,即使在停用睫状肌麻痹剂后也建议持续一段时间的视功能训练。本例患者经过短效散瞳药联合视功能训练,调节功能明显改善,视力提高并稳定。
大多数调节痉挛由精神或者心理紧张所致,因此建议患者联合心理治疗、瑜伽或者冥想都是不错的方式[7]
临床上对于视力下降原因不明、排除眼部器质性疾病的患者,需行头颅MRI和视功能相关检查。调节痉挛经过仔细询问病史、睫状肌麻痹检影和视功能检查不难诊断。近视激光患者术前常规进行视功能检查,进行适当的调节和集合功能训练,提高调节储备量,最大可能程度减少术后视疲劳症状。调节痉挛的治疗除了传统的睫状肌麻痹剂和近附加镜,建议加用视功能训练和心理疏导可使视力恢复并稳定。本病例仍在追踪随访,更多关于视功能异常伴视力下降的进一步研究会在后期汇报。

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16、Lee AG, Kohnen T, Ebner R, et al. Optic neuropathy associated with laser in situ keratomileusis[ J]. J Cataract Refract Surg, 2000, 26(11): 1581-1584.Lee AG, Kohnen T, Ebner R, et al. Optic neuropathy associated with laser in situ keratomileusis[ J]. J Cataract Refract Surg, 2000, 26(11): 1581-1584.
17、Monteiro ML, Curi AL, Pereira A, et al. Persistent accommodative spasm after severe head trauma[ J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2003, 87(2): 243-244.Monteiro ML, Curi AL, Pereira A, et al. Persistent accommodative spasm after severe head trauma[ J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2003, 87(2): 243-244.
18、Rutstein RP, Marsh-Tootle W. Acquired unilateral visual loss attributed to accommodative spasm[ J]. Optom Vis Sci, 2001, 78(7): 492-495.Rutstein RP, Marsh-Tootle W. Acquired unilateral visual loss attributed to accommodative spasm[ J]. Optom Vis Sci, 2001, 78(7): 492-495.
19、Shanker V, Ganesh S, Sethi S. Accommodative spasm with bilateral vision loss due to untreated intermittent exotropia in an adult[ J]. Nepal J Ophthalmol, 2012, 4(2): 319-322.Shanker V, Ganesh S, Sethi S. Accommodative spasm with bilateral vision loss due to untreated intermittent exotropia in an adult[ J]. Nepal J Ophthalmol, 2012, 4(2): 319-322.
20、Ahn SJ, Yang HK, Hwang JM. Binocular visual acuity in intermittent extropiaole of accommodative convergence[ J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2012, 154(6): 981-986.Ahn SJ, Yang HK, Hwang JM. Binocular visual acuity in intermittent extropiaole of accommodative convergence[ J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2012, 154(6): 981-986.
21、Momeni-Moghaddam H, Goss DA, Sobhani M. Accommodative response under monocular and binocular conditions as a function of phoria in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects[ J]. Clin Exp Optom, 2014, 97(1): 36-42.Momeni-Moghaddam H, Goss DA, Sobhani M. Accommodative response under monocular and binocular conditions as a function of phoria in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects[ J]. Clin Exp Optom, 2014, 97(1): 36-42.
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