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视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病相关视神经炎治疗研究进展

Advances in the treatment of optic neuritis associated with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2023年3月 第38卷 第3期 245-252 发布时间: 收稿时间:2023/3/27 16:17:45 阅读量:5559
作者:
关键词:
视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病视神经炎糖皮质激素血浆置换利妥昔单抗
neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders optic neuritis glucocorticoid plasma exchange rituximab
DOI:
10.12419/j.issn.1000-4432.2023.03.08
视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病相关视神经炎是一种累及视神经的脱髓鞘性炎症疾病,视力损伤严重,预后差,复发率高。及时控制急性发作和有效预防复发是治疗的关键。目前治疗主要包括糖皮质激素、血浆置换、免疫吸附、免疫抑制剂、靶向单抗类药物。特别是近年来依库丽单抗、萨特利珠单抗、及依那利珠单抗取得重大进展。该文综述视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病相关视神经炎近年治疗研究进展,期望为临床决策提供有益参考。
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is a central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease with involvement of the optic nerve and spinal cord, with poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. Timely control of acute attacks and effective prevention of recurrence are the keys to treatment. This article reviews the recent research progress in the treatment of optic neuritis associated with NMOSD , hoping to provide useful references for clinical decision-making.
    视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病(neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders,NMOSD),是主要由水通道蛋白4抗体(aquaporin-4 antibody, AQP4-Ab)介导的中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病。视神经炎(optic neuritis,ON)是NMOSD常见的首发症状之一,发生率为30%~50%[1],视功能损伤严重,预后极差。NMOSD急性发作3个月内必须尽快抑制淋巴细胞活化和抗体及炎症因子产生,必要时清除致病抗体和炎症因子,可采用的方法包括:糖皮质激素(激素)、血液净化。一般发作3个月后进入缓解期,6个月后进入慢性期,这个两阶段主要依靠免疫抑制剂或者单抗靶向预防免疫细胞的再度活化。及早、正确的治疗和有效的预防是改善患者视力预后的关键因素。近年来,NMOSD-ON的治疗及研究报道了多种新的治疗方法和药物。本文系统概括了NMOSD-ON急性期的治疗及慢性期预防复发的措施,期望为临床决策提供有益参考。

1 急性期

1.1 激素

    激素具有广谱抗炎作用[2]:抑制炎症因子产生及T细胞活化,最终抑制下级“炎症风暴”,减少轴突坏死。目前大剂量激素静脉注射治疗已成为 NMOSD-ON 急性期一线首选治疗方案,有效率达80%[3]:甲泼尼龙静脉输注(intravenous methylprednisolone,IVMP)1 g 3~5 d治疗,然后根据病情严重程度减量口服激素,建议口服激素4~6个[4]。近年来研究提出口服生物等效剂量的泼尼松与IVMP治疗急性ON同样有效[5]。然而,单次口服过量的激素,可能引发严重的胃肠道不良反应,因此并不作为静脉注射的替代方案。
    2019年,120例AQP4阳性NMO-ON急性发作的回顾性研究[6]表明,治疗前最佳矫正视力(best-corrected visual acuity,BCVA)为无光感或光感的患者对IVMP反应好,而BCVA在指数~0.3的患者对IVMP的反应相对较差。2019年,27例AQP4阳性NMOSD-ON急性发作,随访3个月后发现,与急性发作后7 d内进行IVMP的患者相比,7d内未接受IVMP的患者视力未恢复至1.0风险增加(OR 5.50, 95% CI 0.88~34.46, P=0.051)[7]。另外,IVMP在复发性NMOSD-ON效果欠佳[8]:2016年,8例NMO-ON急性复发,在单用IVMP后,随访1年最终仅有16%扩展残疾量表(Expanded Disability Status Scale,EDSS)明显改善。所以,复发性NMOSD-ON的急性期治疗可联合应用其他治疗,如血浆置换等。

1.2 血浆置换和免疫吸附

    血浆置换(plasma exchange,PE)和免疫吸附(immunoadsorption,IA)选择性清除血浆中的致病因子(抗体、炎症因子、补体成分等)。中国脱髓鞘性视神经炎诊断和治疗循证指南建议,PE或IA作为IVMP无效或双眼发作重症NMOSD-ON的二线治[4]。一项96例NMOSD-ON对IVMP治疗无效的前瞻性研究显示,PE显著改善BCVA,且早期治疗增加改善预后可能性[9]。对于复发性NMOSD-ON,IA可改善视力和视觉诱发电位,IA与PE等效[10-11]。然而,目前IA用于NMOSD的治疗评价多为有限的回顾性研究,尚无随机对照试验(randomizedcontrolledtrial,RCT)研究证据支持。
    2018年,105例急性NMOSD(83% NMOSD-ON) ,首选PE或IA治疗后短期缓解率达80%~100%[12]。然而,NMOSD-ON急性期首选PE/IA并不优于IVMP[13]:2016年,185例NMOSD患者(81% NMOSD-ON),接受PE、IA或IVMP,在6个月时BCVA、EDSS、病情缓解率比较差异无统计学意义。考虑到PE和I A价格昂贵,而且并不能抑制免疫细胞的增殖,抗体及炎症因子的产生,远期作用不确定,因此一般不作为一线治疗。

1.3 免疫球蛋白 (intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIG)

    IVIG具有多重抗炎作用:抑制补体、加快自身抗体清除,中和细胞因子,阻断致病抗体与Fc受体结合等,然而,目前IVIG在NMOSD急性期治疗评价的研究有限:2005年,34例急性ON给予IVIG治疗,随访6个月时的BCVA、对比敏感度、视诱发电位均无明显改善[14]。2014年,对IVMP或PE无效的10例NMOSD急性发作患者(4例NMOSD-ON),给予IVIG治疗,随访12个月后,1例EDSS改善,余3例稳定[15]。因此,IVIG在NMOSD-ON急性期治疗缺乏足够证据证明疗效,一般作为二线推荐用药,特别是儿童、孕妇等特殊人群[4]。

1.4 环磷酰胺(Cyclophosphamide,CTX)

    CTX抑制B淋巴细胞和T淋巴细胞,进而抑制体液免疫。CTX能迅速控制炎症,减少对视神经轴突的破坏,特别在系统性红斑狼疮相关视神经炎ON中取得较好效果[16]。2013年日本学者报道4例急性 NMO脊髓炎[17],其中1例合并ON,余3例合并自身免疫病,给予CTX后起效,故认为急性期予CTX治疗有效。2020年,CTX对20例IVMP治疗无效的NMOSD-ON治疗效果研究显示,患者视功能得到明显改善[18]。总之,CTX一般用于IVMP和PE均不耐受的二线治疗,其在NMOSD-ON急性期有效性和安全性尚需大样本RCT证实。

2 预防复发

    NMOSD-ON患者的视功能损伤来自每一次视神经炎发作造成的损伤,复发率高达90%[19]。所以预防复发非常重要,一般建议预防复发疗程不少于5年[20]

2.1 小剂量激素

    回顾性研究[21]表明长期小剂量口服激素维持治疗显著降低年复发率(annual recurrent rate,ARR)。然而,2019年一项前瞻对比研究评价吗替麦考酚酯(mycophenolate mofetil,MMF)、硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine, AZA)、小剂量激素和无免疫抑制剂对NMOSD预防复发的治疗研究[22]显示:随访2年后, 小剂量激素和无免疫抑制剂复发风险高于免疫抑制剂。目前极少单独用小剂量激素长期维持预防复发,多与免疫抑制剂联合使用。由于硫唑嘌呤,吗替麦考酚酸酯AZA,MMF等免疫抑制剂最快在用药后3~6个月后发挥功效,因此小剂量激素剂量不宜低于10~20 mg/d,维持治疗至少4~6个月,待免疫抑制剂完全起效后再减量至停药[4]

2.2 免疫抑制剂

    由于激素虽然能在部分NMOSD-ON急性期控制病情,但是在较重的病例单用激素却无法在急性期或长期控制病情,更不能预防复发,所以,免疫抑制剂的作用越来越被强调和重视。目前在NMOSD-ON,特别是AQP4阳性患者的预防中,建议确诊后尽早开始免疫抑制治疗,不推荐多发性硬化修正疗法[4]
   2.2.1 AZA
    AZA参与并抑制嘌呤代谢,抑制T淋巴细胞活化,减少抗体产生以及降低单核细胞和粒细胞水平,是最早用于预防NMOSD复发的免疫抑制剂。2015年Qiu等[23]对77例NMOSD患者给予AZA联合口服激素治疗后,随访23(6~58)月,44例(57.1%)无复发,ARR由0.923降低到0(P<0.0001)。2017年Chen等[24]给予105例NMOSD患者AZA治疗至少6个月,研究发现55例(52.4%)患者无复发,94例(89.5%)ARR较治疗前显著改善[0(0~2.1) vs. 1.4(0.2~14.6),P<0.001]。
    然而,AZA有较大的不良反应,存在恶性肿瘤、肝损伤、性腺损伤等风险,另外在嘌呤甲基转移酶(Thiopurine methyltransferase,TPMT)缺乏的患者中会导致严重骨髓抑制,使用前需要排查相应基因[25]。在用药治疗后应定期监测血常规和肝、肾
功能。
   2.2.2 MMF
    MMF抑制鸟苷核苷酸的合成,抑制T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞增殖迁移,抑制巨噬细胞活化,并抑制树突状细胞功能和免疫球蛋白产生。MMF预防复发的有效性和耐受性优于AZA,在临床上逐渐取代AZA成为预防NMOSD复发的一线用药。2018年Jiao等[26]回顾性分析接受至少6个月MMF治疗的8 6例NMOSD患者,随访2 7个月后,75例(87%)患者的ARR较治疗前降低[1.4(0.1~11.0)vs. 0(0~2.8),P<0.01]。其中21例(19%)出现不良反应,主要有脱发、转氨酶升高,白细胞计数减少,然而未见过敏、严重感染、死亡等。2016年,Xu等[27]前瞻对比MMF(n=38)、AZA(n=119)和CTX(n=41)对NMOSD的治疗和预防复发的效果,结果发现MMF在三者中对复发的控制最强,不良反应发生风险最低。
   2.2.3 甲氨蝶呤
    甲氨蝶呤抑制嘌呤代谢,抑制T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞的增殖。服用次数少,依从性好,价格便宜。然而关于甲氨蝶呤预防NMOSD复发的研究证据匮乏:2014年,9例NMO复发患者接受甲氨蝶呤,治疗18个月后平均ARR由3.11降至1.11(P<0.01)[28]。2013年Kitley等[29]报道了14例AQP4抗体阳性NMOSD慢性期患者服用甲氨蝶呤后,平均ARR从治疗前1.39降至治疗后0.18。所以对甲氨蝶呤在预防NMOSD复发中的作用尚无确实证据,临床中应用极少。
   2.2.4 CTX
    欧洲神经学会推荐的CTX长期预防方案为每月7~25 mg/kg,连续6个月(总量不超过12.5 g),特别是对于合并系统性红斑狼疮及干燥综合征的患者[16]。另外国内学者提出长期预防方案为0.4 g/周,连续30周(总量12g)[27]。然而,CTX是否可以预防NMOSD复发的研究存在矛盾的结果:2012年,7例NMOSD接受CTX每2个月500~700 mg/m2 ,随访17个月时5例病情继续复发或恶化,1例死于严重复发,1例失访,但此研究CTX的剂量偏小,服药间隔过长,不能长期有效地预防复发[30]。2013年日本4例NMOSD的报道[17]中,3例以CTX每月500 mg/m2连续服用6~12月,成功预防复发,认为该剂量对日本 NMOSD 患者预防复发有效。2016年Xu等[27]前瞻对比研究发现,AZA和 MMF 在改善EDSS上均优于CTX,认为CTX仅作为对AZA和MMF不耐受时的选择。而且由于存在生殖毒性等严重不良反应,因此不能长期应用。
   2.2.5 其他
    他克莫司广泛用于各种自身免疫性疾病或器官移植排斥的预防。目前关于他克莫司在NMOSD预防研究证据匮乏:2019年,50例NMOSD患者接受他克莫司联合口服激素预防后,抗AQP4抗体阳性和阴性患者的复发抑制率达86%~92%[31]。25例NMOSD患者在接受他克莫司预防后,ARR从2.9降低到0.4(P<0.001)[32]。环孢素A的免疫抑制作用比他克莫司弱,在NMOSD-ON应用较少:2013年,一项关于52例抗AQP4抗体血清阳性NMOSD患者的研究中,9例患者在接受环孢素A治疗后ARR由2.7降至0.38(P=0.012)[33]。这是首项证实环孢素A可预防NMO/NMOSD复发的病例系列研究。然而,后期再无关于环孢素A在NMOSD的大样本随机对照研究。

2.3 IVIG

    虽然急性期IVIG治疗效果不明确,然而回顾性研究显示慢性期间断、小剂量IVIG治疗能减少复发:2019年,9例复发性视神经炎ON患者接受每月定期IVIG(0.4 g/kg),随访6~31个月后,平均复发次数由1.4±0.72降低到0.3±0.5,未见严重不良反应[34]。2020年,20例NMOSD患者在使用AZA预防至少6个月后,接受IVIG,ARR由1.1降至0.3(P<0.001)[35]。然而,以上研究缺乏对照观察,目前也无随机对照研究对比IVIG的预防效果,因此IVIG预防NMOSD证据不足,不作为一线预防推荐,一般用于其他免疫抑制剂禁忌的选择预防治疗,如儿童、孕妇等。

2.4 免疫靶向药

    近年来在NMOSD的预防方面有重大进展,特别是3项RCT药物Ⅲ期临床试验的研究结果:补体C5抑制剂(依库丽单抗),IL-6单抗(萨特利珠单抗),及CD19单抗(依那利珠单抗),为NMOSD-ON的治疗带来新的途径。
    利妥昔单抗(rituximab,RTX)是针对B淋巴细胞表面CD20的单克隆抗体,用药2周内即可迅速耗竭幼稚和记忆性B淋巴细胞,迅速抑制AQP-4抗体产生。2019年Shaygannejad等[36]对44例NMOSD患者进行前瞻研究分析,患者经RTX治疗2~4年后(每周予500 mg连续4周,以后每隔6个月予500 mg连续2周),ARR显著降低,平均EDSS明显改善。2016 年一项荟萃分析研究[37]发现,使用RTX预防复发的438例NMOSD患者,94.2%的患者沿用了治疗霍奇金淋巴瘤的用药方案(每周375 mg/m2 持续4周或每2周1 g连续2次),被证明可有效预防复发,然而不良反应发生率高,其中10.3%的患者曾有输注反应,9.1%的患者有继发感染,4.6%的患者有长期严重的白细胞减少,0.5%的患者被确诊为可逆性后部脑病综合征,1.6%的患者死亡。2021年魏世辉等[38]的研究纳入了43例NMO-ON患者,给予小剂量RTX(每周100 mg/次,连续4周),治疗后ARR显著降低,96.2%的患者视力稳定或改善,血清AQP4-Ab水平明显下降(P=0.0123),提示小剂量RTX有效降低NMOSD复发率且安全性高。值得注意的是,使用过程中需要对B淋巴细胞水平进行严密监测,特别是每月流式细胞仪监测CD19+ 细胞,当 CD19+ 占全部外周血淋巴细胞百分比≥1%,或者外周血B淋巴细胞占单个核细胞的百分比≥1%,则追加静脉滴注RTX 100 mg。
    依那利珠单抗(inebilizumab)与B淋巴细胞上的CD19结合后,产生细胞毒性T淋巴细胞反应和抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒性作用,从上游抑制B淋巴细胞从原B淋巴细胞到早期浆母细胞分化,消耗更广泛的淋巴细胞,并可能去除产生AQP4-Ab的浆细胞[39]。 因此,在保持机体体液免疫的同时,依那利珠单抗可对病理性自身抗体提供更有针对性的攻击。2019年,一项评价依那利珠单抗治疗NMOSD的Ⅱ期随机对照研究[40]:230例参与者(93% AQP4-IgG血清阳性)按3∶1比例随机分配进入依那利珠单抗组或安慰剂组,与安慰剂相比,依那利珠单抗被证实明显减少NMOSD复发、降低残疾、减少MRI病变活动等,特别是在用药4周后明显耗竭血液循环B淋巴细胞,并稳定保持低于基线的10%。不良事件发生率极低,然而,2组均出现一例死亡事件,被研究者认为与研究无关。目前依那利珠单抗已被批准用于治疗成人AQP4抗体阳性的NMOSD。
    补体激活对NMOSD的发展意义重大,补体激活能增高NMOSD病灶组织周围的中性粒细胞浓度,加重抗AQP4抗体对星型胶质细胞足突的损害,导致AQP4特异性的靶细胞死亡。依库丽单抗(Eculizumab)与末端补体成分C5高亲和力结合,抑制C5向C5a和C5b的裂解,保护细胞不受C5b-9介导的损伤[39]。2019年,一项评价依库丽单抗联合或不联合其他免疫抑制剂治疗AQP4阳性NMOSD的3期RCT[41]:143例参与者2:1分配进入依库丽单抗组或安慰组,研究发现依库丽单抗组较安慰剂组显著降低复发率(3% vs. 43%, P<0.001)。安全性高,不良事件发生率低,仅报道过一例肺脓胸死亡病例。因此,依库丽单抗预防NMOSD复发有效,为AQP4-Ab阳性NMOSD提供了一种有效的、耐受性好的治疗选择。2019年,依库丽单抗已经被FDA和欧洲EMA批准用于治疗AQP4-Ab阳性的难治性NMOSD,价格50万美元/年。在NMOSD临床试验治疗的补体抑制剂还有C1酯酶抑制剂:2014年,小样本I期临床试验[42]:1 0例AQP4-IgG阳性NMOSD急性期患者,给予IVMP联合C1酯酶抑制剂,随访30 d时EDSS从4.5下降至2.5,无严重不良事件,提示C1-酯酶抑制剂对NMOSD患者是一种安全的附加疗法。然而,目前有必要进行多中心大样本随机对照研究进一步证实其疗效、安全性以及远期预后。
    NMOSD患者病情的严重程度与白介素-6(IL-6)浓度有关,IL-6促进炎性Th17细胞和浆母细胞的分化,诱导病原性抗体的产生,促进抗体和促炎细胞渗入中枢神经系统[43]。托珠单抗(Tocilizumab)是全球首个针对IL-6受体的人源化单克隆抗体,也是最早用于治疗NMOSD的IL-6受体单克隆抗体。2015年,8例难治型NMOSD患者[44],在利妥昔RTX单抗治疗无效后,给予托珠单抗每月6~8 mg/kg,随访30.9个月后,EDSS评分由治疗前的平均7.3降至5.5,ARR由治疗前的4.0降至0.4。托珠单抗的常见不良反应包括胆固醇升高、感染、粒细胞减少等,发生率低。另外,我国邱伟教授主持的对比托珠单抗与AZA在高度复发NMOSD患者中预防作用的随机对照研究[45](TANGO)结果显示,托珠单抗较AZA明显降低ARR,且未增加不良反应。所以,托珠单抗有可能成为NMOSD-ON的预防复发的又一利器。
    萨特利珠单抗(Satralizumab)也是靶向IL-6受体的人源化重组单克隆抗体,与托珠单抗相比,受体亲和力高,给药间隔可达每2-4周/次,给药剂量也相对较小。对萨特利珠单抗有以下2个随机对照研究:2019年,一项评价萨特利珠单抗联合其他免疫抑制剂治疗NMOSD疗效的Ⅲ期随机对照双盲研究(SAKuraSky)中[46],83例参与者按1∶1比例随机分配进入实验组或对照组,显示萨特利珠单抗联合免疫抑制剂对AQP4 Ab阳性NMOSD患者较对照组可降低复发风险达79%。然而,对AQP4 Ab阴性NMOSD患者复发率无明显影响。基于以上结果,2020年萨特利珠单抗单药治疗NMOSDⅢ期双盲随机对照研究(SAKuraStar)[47]显示,95例参与者(67% AQP4-IgG血清阳性)以2∶1比例进入萨特利珠单抗组(不联合使用任何免疫抑制剂)或安慰剂组,萨特利珠单抗组(30%)较安慰剂组(50%)复发率显著降低,然而在AQP4 Ab血清阴性患者中萨特利珠单抗治疗组复发率(46%)并不比对照组(33%)低。以上2项研究是NMOSD领域的首项随机对照临床药物试验研究,显示萨特利珠单抗明显降低AQP4 Ab血清阳性NMOSD复发率,而对预防AQP4 Ab血清阴性患者复发无明显影响,安全性高,不良事件发生率极低,特别是感染,而且未出现过敏、死亡等严重不良反应,成为继依那利珠单抗和依库丽单抗后又一被批准用于预防NMOSD发作的靶向单抗类药物。
    在NMOSD-ON治疗研究的尝试还有针对全人源抗人新生儿F c受体单克隆抗体HBM9161,针对抗 AQP 4 蛋白的重组人单克隆抗体aquaporumab[48],针对促进中枢神经系统髓鞘再生的人源化抗体Opicinuma[49],针对粒细胞的西维来司他[50]和西替利嗪[51],尚无随机对照RCT研究评价治疗效果。

3 总结

    从现有研究来看,对首次发作的NMOSD-ON急性期患者首选IVMP治疗,对复发、病情严重或激素治疗无效的患者应尽早联合PE、烷化剂及靶向单抗控制病情。NMOSD-ON慢性期,无论首发还是复发,均应及早预防复发,如使用硫唑嘌呤、MMF、RTX等。最后,由于针对CD19、补体、IL-6的一系列靶向单抗药物在NMOSD治疗临床试验上取得巨大成功,NMOSD-ON的治疗也即将迎来一个崭新的时代。

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1、国家自然科学基金(81870656);广东省自然科学基金( 2017A030313610)。
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81870656), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China(2017A030313610).()
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