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人工晶状体悬吊术的过去现在与未来

Past, present and future of suspensory IOL implantation

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2023年2月 第38卷 第2期 77-82 发布时间:2023-02-01 收稿时间:2023/2/24 9:51:56 阅读量:7550
作者:
关键词:
晶状体脱位人工晶状体悬吊术式选择经巩膜缝襻固定经巩膜无线结固定无缝线巩膜层间固定
ectopia lentis suspensory IOL implantation surgical selection transscleral suture fixation knotless transscleral
DOI:
10.12419/j.issn. 1000-4432.2023.02.01
近年来,晶状体脱位逐渐引起眼科医生的重视,针对晶状体脱位手术的探索与改进一直在持续进行中。随着超声乳化技术的发明和眼内植入材料的改进,晶状体脱位患者人工晶状体(intraocular lens,IOL)的植入和固定成为眼科医生关注的焦点。IOL悬吊术作为治疗严重晶状体脱位以及无晶状体眼且囊袋支撑不足或无囊袋患者的IOL植入的经典术式,主要经历了传统的经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定术、以Z字形缝合为代表的无线结后房型IOL缝线固定术和无缝线的IOL巩膜层间固定术三个阶段,理解并掌握各种IOL悬吊术的优势和局限性对提高眼科医生的诊疗水平、改善患者的预后具有重要意义。
In recent years, ectopia lentis has gradually attracted the attention of ophthalmologists, and the exploration and improvement of surgery for ectopia lentis has been in progress. With the invention of phacoemulsification technology and the improvement of intraocular implant materials, the implantation and fixation of intraocular lens (IOL) in patients with ectopia lentis has become the focus of ophthalmologists. Suspensory IOL implantation is a classic operation for IOL implantation in patients with severe lens dislocation or aphakia with insufficient capsular bag support. It has mainly gone through three stages: traditional trans-sclera suture-fixed posterior chamber IOL, kontless posterior chamber IOL fixation represented by Z suture, and sutureless intrascleral IOL fixation. Understanding and mastering the advantages and limitations of various IOL fixation methods is of great importance for improving the diagnosis and treatment level of ophthalmologists and as well as the prognosis of patients.
由于先天性、外伤性或其他病变使悬韧带发育异常或者断裂,引起对晶状体的悬挂力不平衡或丧失,导致晶状体位置发生偏移,即晶状体脱位[1]。自1749年晶状体错位(malpositioning of the lens)首次被描述以来[2],针对晶状体脱位手术的探索与改进一直在持续进行中。概括而言,早期的手术主要针对如何扩大无晶状体区或取出晶状体。而随着超声乳化技术的发明和眼内植入材料的改进,则更关注于人工晶状体(intraocular lens,IOL)的植入和固定[3-14]
近年来,IOL 植入和固定技术主要集中于以下三个方面:以虹膜固定为代表的前房型 IOL 植入术、以联合应用囊袋支撑装置为代表的后房型 IOL 原位植入术和经巩膜固定的 IOL 悬吊术 [13,15-16]。以房角支撑型和虹膜固定型为代表的前房型 IOL 植入术虽然操作简便,术后短期内预后良好,但因其对角膜内皮、小梁功能和虹膜组织的远期影响,临床上已较少使用或谨慎应用 [17-18]。以联合应用囊袋支撑装置为代表的后房型 IOL 原位植入术,因其最大限度地保留和重塑了晶状体囊袋悬韧带隔,已成为晶状体不全脱位手术的重要组成部分 [19]。特别是作为里程碑事件的改良带钩张力环的出现,使得严重晶状体脱位患者 IOL 原位植入成为可能。国内刘奕志教授团队率先报道了囊袋张力环和改良囊袋张力环在晶状体不全脱位患者中的应用实践,结果均彰显了其良好的应用前景 [20]。国内金海鹰教授团队也报道了自制囊袋拉钩在不超过 8 个钟点的外伤性晶状体脱位和术中悬韧带松弛的患者中可显著缩短手术时间,获得良好预后并降低术后并发症的发生率 [21]。但对于严重缺乏悬韧带支撑的患者 , 该类手术方式的推广受到了一定的限制,加之长期以来国内相关耗材短缺的现状,很大程度地限制了该手术方式的推广与普及。
经巩膜固定的 IOL 悬吊术是治疗因外伤、遗传性疾病 ( 如马方综合征等 ) 引起的严重晶状体脱位的经典术式之一。此外,经巩膜固定的 IOL 悬吊术也广泛用于无晶体眼、复杂白内障手术等无囊袋或囊袋支撑不足患者 [22]。既往研究显示,大部分患者 (66%~100%) 通过施行 IOL 悬吊术可以提高最佳矫正视力或者维持术前最佳矫正视力 [23-24]。但由于线结暴露、缝线断裂、IOL 脱位等并发症的存在,自 1986 年 Malbran 提出 IOL 经巩膜缝襻固定术以来,IOL 悬吊术便处于持续的改进之中 [25]。概括地说,IOL 悬吊术按其发展历程总体可分为三个阶段:传统的经巩膜后房型 IOL 缝线固定术、以 Z 字形缝合为代表的无线结后房型 IOL 缝线固定术和无缝线的 IOL 巩膜层间固定术。鉴于该术式在复杂晶状体脱位及无囊膜支撑患者中具有无可替代的价值,本文就其发展历程及演变趋势进行梳理,旨在为广大眼科同道的术式选择提供参考。

1 经巩膜后房型 IOL 缝线固定术

经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定术包括传统的经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定术和带凸缘的IOL襻联合缝线固定术。固定所用的缝线主要有10-0和8-0聚丙烯缝线、尼龙缝线和GoreTex缝线等不同材质。总体来讲,在未矫正患者术前病变严重程度的情况下,接受该术式的患者术后的视力并不劣于前房型IOL植入术。此外,该术式的优点在于其符合眼部解剖结构、患者适用面广,术后效果确切。但是,较之于前房型IOL植入术,采用8-0聚丙烯缝线的经巩膜后房型IOL植入术的黄斑囊样水肿及慢性青光眼的发病率均较高[13]
    值得注意的是,在经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定术中,为了固定IOL,必须在巩膜处进行可靠的外部固定。同时为了避免线结暴露,最常采用的方法是采用巩膜瓣埋藏线结。然而,随着时间的推移,线结可能会摩擦、刺激局部组织。除了可以导致炎症反应,更严重的是可能导致线结侵蚀、暴露等问题,严重者甚至会因巩膜溃疡进而导致眼内炎的发生。有研究报道,经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定术在术后1年的线结侵蚀或暴露发生率可达14.7%~17.9%,而这一数字在术后2年更是高达73%[26-28]。亦有研究显示,虽然患者在接受经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定术术后初期巩膜瓣下的线结埋藏良好,但随着时间的推移,巩膜瓣逐渐萎缩,线结即发生暴露[29]。针对线结相关并发症,国内金海鹰教授等报道的巩膜内线结埋藏法在一定程度上解决了线结暴露问题,但其长期的稳定性和安全性仍有待观察[30]
除线结暴露外,经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定术术后缝线断导致的IOL脱位也是该术式需要关注的重点。研究显示,晶状体半脱位患者术后4~10年由于缝线断裂导致的IOL脱位发生率约为17%~28%[31-32]。此外,经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定术中最常用的10-0聚丙烯缝线,其长期的稳定性一直存在争议。Vote等[31]报道,在平均4年的随访中,采用10-0聚丙烯缝线进行经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定术的患者中,缝线断裂的发生率高达27.9%。
经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定术式的核心特点是采用缝线打结固定,线结暴露及缝线断裂等缝线相关的并发症已经成为制约该手术推广的最大障碍。针对线结暴露和缝线断裂的术式改良无疑更值得关注和探索。

2 无线结经巩膜后房型 IOL 缝线固定术

针对经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定术中线结相关的并发症,Szurman等[6]首次描述了一种采用10-0聚丙烯缝线的“Z”字形后房型IOL经巩膜缝合固术式,研究显示该术式既满足固定IOL所需的拉力,又有效地避免了线结相关并发症。Dimopoulos等[33]报道,采用Szurman无线结经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定术,患者缝线侵蚀或缝线暴露的发生率可降至0,且术后5年的最佳logMAR矫正视力可达0.73±0.55。但进一步随访发现,接受该术式手术的患者,术后10-0聚丙烯缝线断裂的发生率高达40%。前述研究提示,无线结的后房型IOL缝线固定术虽然避免了线结相关并发症,但其无法规避的问题是缝线的断裂和继发的人工晶状体脱位。为了降低因缝线自身材质引起的缝线断裂风险,部分学者开始尝试使用相对更粗的缝线来进行IOL的固定[34-35]。John等[36]研究显示,采用8-0聚丙烯缝线进行经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定可安全、有效地提高患者视力。国内赵培泉教授等[37]在可调节经巩膜IOL缝线固定术中亦采用8-0聚丙烯缝线,并证实了该缝线的安全性。上述研究均显示,经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定术中,采用8-0聚丙烯缝线安全、可行。将8-0聚丙烯缝线应用于无线结经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定术,既能通过增加缝线的耐受力,减少其断裂风险,同时亦能避免线结相关的并发症,达到一举多得的目的。
此外,考虑无线结的后房型IOL缝线固定术多采用无需巩膜瓣的Z字形缝合方式,结膜/巩膜表面的缝线容易暴露,进而增加眼内感染风险。有鉴于此,在无线结的后房型IOL缝线固定术的术式改良方面,笔者前期的研究尝试通过增加巩膜凹槽的方式加以掩埋缝线,既避免了术后早期因缝线暴露发生眼内炎的风险,亦可达到隐藏缝线、增加美观的目的[38]
总之,无线结的后房型IOL缝线固定术作为传统的经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定术的改良术式,其核心特点在于通过无线结固定避免了线结相关并发症。但由于该术式仍需采用缝线固定IOL,因此其仍无法彻底避免缝线断裂相关的并发症,虽然近年来有研究希望通过改进缝线材质和缝线型号的方式来避免缝线断裂相关并发症的发生,但其最终效果仍有待长期的纵向研究进一步验证。

3 无缝线的 IOL 巩膜层间固定术

为避免经巩膜后房型IOL缝线固定术中缝线相关的并发症,采用无缝线的巩膜层间后房型IOL固定或联合使用生物纤维蛋白黏胶以加强IOL固定效果的术式,近年来也得到越来越多的关注。
    早期的无缝线巩膜层间IOL固定术采用三片式IOL。该技术在进行前段玻璃体切除后,在距离角巩膜缘后1.5~2.0 mm处做同一经线上的巩膜切口,并用24 G穿刺针做与巩膜切口平行的巩膜隧道,通过将IOL襻固定于巩膜隧道进而达到固定IOL的目的。然而,在该技术中,部分结膜覆盖在IOL襻上,易造成结膜损伤、增加眼内炎的风险。为了降低并发症,有学者发明了IOL襻胶合固定技术。其核心要点是通过制作巩膜瓣覆盖IOL襻,进而用纤维蛋白胶密封覆盖于IOL襻上的巩膜瓣以避免IOL襻的暴露[39]
近年来,Yamane等[8]提出了一种无需切口的新技术。该技术首先进行平坦部玻璃体切除,采用超声乳化摘除脱位的晶状体后,将三片式IOL推入前房,然后在距离角膜缘约2 mm处用30G穿刺针在经瞳孔中心的同一经线处分别穿过巩膜引出IOL襻,并烧灼晶状体襻形成凸缘,将凸缘向后推,固定在巩膜隧道内。这种巩膜层间固定IOL的方法,最大的优点是避免了缝线相关的风险,范玮教授团队等[40]研究亦显示,采用Yamane术式手术创伤小,避免了制作巩膜瓣,无需使用生物胶或缝线,手术用时短,术后IOL位置居中且效果良好。
无缝线的IOL巩膜层间固定术的核心特点是无需缝线,进而避免了缝线相关的并发症,但IOL无缝线巩膜层间固定术术中IOL襻的放置及IOL位置的调整等操作相对复杂,且术后早期有眼压升高、玻璃体出血等风险,晚期则可能并发IOL夹持、IOL再脱位、黄斑水肿、玻璃体出血、视网膜脱离等并发症[13, 41]。尤其需要强调的是,对于处于生长发育期的儿童患者,其前房相对较小、巩膜相对较软,且具有日常行为活跃、喜爱揉眼等特点,因此,在儿童患者中施行此类手术将面临术中操作难度大、术后易发生IOL脱位等并发症的风险。
综上所述,每种IOL悬吊技术都有其不可避免的术后并发症和自身固有风险。由于各种技术本身的不确定性,眼科医生必须加强向患者宣教,强调密切、长期随访的重要性。此外,上述不同手术方式的长期预后和并发症情况仍需要大规模的前瞻性研究来进一步确认。IOL悬吊术作为严重囊袋支撑不足患者IOL植入的重要方式,其术式的演变与创新受到越来越多眼科医生的关注,依托新材料、操作简便、长期预后良好并尽可能确保IOL原位植入的新术式将是IOL悬吊术发展的新方向。

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1、国家自然科学基金 (81900841);广东省自然科学基金项目 (2021A1515011673; 2022A1515011181) 。
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81900841), and Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2021A1515011673; 2022A1515011181).()
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