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真菌性角膜炎行角膜移植后真菌复发的临床研究

Clinical study of fungal recurrence after corneal transplantation for fungal keratitis

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2022年12月 第37卷 第12期 955-961 发布时间: 收稿时间:2023/1/5 15:53:24 阅读量:3349
作者:
关键词:
真菌角膜炎角膜溃疡角膜移植复发治疗
fungal keratitis corneal ulcer corneal transplantation recurrence treatment
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2022.11.18
真菌性角膜炎是我国导致角膜盲的重要原因之一。由于部分患者在感染早期缺乏合理治疗,导致病情迁延难治,最终行角膜移植是主要的治疗手段。然而真菌感染十分顽固,术后仍有一定概率复发。因此,了解真菌性角膜炎的最新研究进展以及不同类型抗真菌药物和角膜移植手术的优劣,根据适应证选择合理的治疗方案,才能最大程度控制感染,降低真菌复发率,挽救患者视力。与此同时,对角膜移植后真菌复发的相关文献进行研究,总结其复发规律、影响因素和临床特征以及治疗手段和预后。为制订合理的、符合国情的治疗策略提供参考依据。
Fungal keratitis is one of the important causes of corneal blindness in China. Due to the lack of reasonable treatment for some patients in the early stage of infection, the disease is protracted and refractory, and eventually, corneal transplantation is the main treatment. However, Fungal keratitis infection is very stubborn, and there is still a certain probability of recurrence after surgery. Therefore, understanding the latest research advances in fungal keratitis as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different types of antifungal drugs and corneal transplantation, and choosing a reasonable treatment plan according to the indications can maximize the control of the infection, reduce the recurrence rate of the fungus and save the vision of patients. In addition, the relevant literature on fungal recurrence after corneal transplantation was studied to summarize its recurrence pattern, influencing factors and clinical features, as well as treatment means and prognosis. The purpose of this study is to provide a reference basis for formulating a reasonable treatment strategy in line with China’s national conditions.
    真菌性角膜炎(fungal keratitis,FK)是一种常见的致盲性眼病,在发展中国家尤其是以农业为主的热带和亚热带地区,其发病率居感染性角膜炎首位,目前已经成为一个严重影响农村贫困人口的公共卫生问题[1]。作为一种治疗棘手的感染性眼病,晚期F K最有效治疗的方法是穿透性角膜移植术(penetrating keratoplasty,PKP) [2-3]。受我国传统观念的影响,新鲜人供体的角膜相比国外数量较少,材料缺乏制约了PKP的开展,导致部分患者无法得到及时有效的治疗。目前临床上多使用甘油保存人角膜和生物工程角膜,对部分符合手术指征的FK行板层角膜移植术(lamellar keratoplasty,LKP)或深板层角膜移植术(deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty,DALK),术后可起与PKP同样的治疗效果,但是对角膜全层感染的患者采取非PKP可能无法彻底清除感染病灶,更容易导致真菌复发[4-8]。由于真菌复发的特征复杂多样,如果不能早期识别,及时采取有效的治疗措施,会导致病情迅速恶化,最终手术失败甚至摘除眼球。

1 发病率和流行病学

    2020年Brown等[9]估算出FK全球每年发病约1 051 787例,如果将感染性角膜炎培养结果阴性的也假设为FK,则有1 480 916例,其中约8%~11%的患者因严重感染未得到有效治疗,最终无法保留眼球。不同国家和地区F K的发病率差异较大,主要与气候、经济和职业风险因素有关,越靠近赤道的热带地区和以农业为主GDP较低的国家 ,F K的发病率越高,而在高纬度温带气候的欧美国家以及工业为主的发达地区,其发病率较[1,10-12]。英国流行病学研究[13-15]显示:在感染性角膜炎病例中F K的发病率为3.0%~7.1%。据亚洲角膜学会传染性角膜炎报道[16],FK(2 166例,32.7%)是第二常见的感染性角膜炎,略低于细菌性角膜炎(2 521例,38.0%)。我国发达地区如北京、上海和香港,流行病学与欧美地区相似,而西南等以农业为主的地区,因感染性角膜炎行角膜移植术的81.1%来自农村,其中FK占59.2%[17];华南地区对7 299份感染性角膜炎标本进行培养,有3 092份阳性,其中1 781份(57.60%)为真菌,319份(10.32%)为细菌和真菌共同感染[18];山东半岛FK占住院感染性角膜炎病例的58.48%[19]

2 真菌菌属和危险因素

    据报道有100多种真菌可引起F K,大致可以分成丝状真菌(主要为镰刀菌属和曲霉菌属)和酵母真菌(主要为念珠菌属)。丝状真菌最常见于热带和亚热带地区,眼外伤是关键的诱发因素,尤其是植物导致的角膜外伤,因此在从事农业工作的年轻健康男性中发病率更高,其中镰刀菌属(13%~24%)和曲霉菌属(8%~30%)是印度和中国的常见致病菌[1,10-12]。亚洲角膜学会传染性角膜炎的研究[1,16,20]指出:镰刀菌属占F K的主导地位,并且作为全球感染最多的菌属,并不局限于热带地区,近年来经济发达的温带国家镰刀菌的发病率也在升高,原因与隐形眼镜的佩戴相关,且更常见于女性。相比之下,念珠菌属和其他酵母真菌的发病率较低,多见于温带地区的欧美国家,感染原因通常与糖皮质激素、眼表疾病、眼部手术史、隐形眼镜佩戴史和自身免疫疾病有关[10-12,21]。Xie等[22]的研究认为,真菌菌丝可以根据生长方式大致分为水平生长型(如镰刀菌属)和垂直、斜行生长型(如曲霉菌属和念珠菌属),其中水平生长型真菌菌丝一般局限于角膜板层,感染程度较轻,而垂直或斜行生长型菌丝一般侵袭角膜深层或全层,感染较重,容易造成前房积脓和角膜穿孔。

3 治疗策略和预后

3.1 药物治疗

   
目前临床常用治疗FK的药物主要包括多烯类(如两性霉素B、那他霉素)和唑类(如酮康唑、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑),给药方式通常是局部滴眼液、口服或静脉注射;早期、浅表的FK主要依靠药物治疗,对于部分常规治疗无效的,可辅以结膜下、角膜基质层或前房内注射药物等手段;其中5%浓度的那他霉素滴眼液是FDA批准用于治疗FK的唯一抗真菌药物,是目前治疗丝状真菌的金标准[1-2,11-12,23]。印度的MUTT II试验[24]现:在治疗丝状真菌的严重感染,特别是镰刀菌导致的角膜溃疡时,5 %那他霉素优于1 %伏立康唑,并且不推荐使用口服伏立康唑来辅助治疗。另一项比较那他霉素与伏立康唑治疗F K的随机试验[25-26]也显示:5 %那他霉素治疗效果更好。尽管未能证明1 %伏立康唑的优势,但根据现有文献[11,23,27]和临床经验,伏立康唑仍然是治疗严重F K的辅助药物。而两性霉素B则是治疗曲霉菌和念珠菌的最佳选择,由于全身使用时不能在眼内达到有效药物浓度,且不良反应明显,因此常配制为浓度0.15%~0.5%(1.5~5 mg/mL)的滴眼液局部使用[11-12,23,27]

3.2 手术治疗

   3.2.1 PKP
    对于垂直或斜行生长型菌丝、真菌侵入角膜深层基质、内皮层及前房的全层感染或角膜大面积穿孔的FK,由于感染较深且病灶顽固,受限于药物渗透能力往往治疗效果不佳。研究[2-4,28]认为通过PKP来控制感染、恢复角膜正常解剖结构是保留眼球的最佳选择。Mundra等[29]研究198例FK接受PKP,最终有178例(89.9%)完全根除真菌感染,192例(97%)实现了解剖学意义的修复。尽管PKP是治疗F K最有效的方法,但是与LKP、DALK相比,出现并发症的概率较高,如免疫排斥反应、继发青光眼或白内障、严重散光以及黄斑囊样水肿等,导致视觉功能恢复较差[30-32]
   3.2.2 LKP 或 DALK
    对于水平生长型菌丝、感染病灶局限于角膜浅中层基质的FK,行LKP是安全有效的,术后真菌复发率低,并且可以提供较好的视力,同时减少并发症和免疫排斥反应的可能,对角膜较深层的感染可以使用大泡技术辅助DALK来清除菌丝,重要是两种术式所需要的角膜组织比PKP容易获得[4,28,30-33]。He等[2]对1 414例FK进行临床分析,其中PKP和LKP分别为416例和199例,治愈率分别为98.1%和97.0%。Chen等[32]研究94例大泡技术DALK和161例PKP治疗F K,发现两组感染控制率差异不明显,术后最佳矫正视力均得到明显改善,而DALK组发生免疫排斥、继发性青光眼的概率显著低于PKP组。近年来筛选手术适应证及围手术期合理用药进一步降低了真菌复发率,LKP或DALK开展的比例逐渐增加[19,34-36]。2010至2019年我国华东地区成人角膜移植中,PKP的比例从77.6%下降到56.9%,DALK从7.8%升至16.3%,感染性角膜炎作为PKP最常见的适应证(36.94%),其比例从93.8%降至76.2%,10年间角膜移植手术技术已从PKP转向更个性化的板层移植[37]
   3.2.3 生物工程角膜
    全球已实施和等待实施角膜移植患者的比例为1:7 0,约有53%的人口无法获得角膜,且角膜供需严重不平衡,我国作为发展中国家,人供体角膜资源匮乏,角膜移植数量远低于欧美国家水平[38-39]。生物工程角膜是猪角膜经过脱细胞处理后形成的角膜支架材料,目前认为猪角膜与人角膜在解剖学、生理学以及生物力学特性上有很多相似之处,可作为代替人角膜的理想材料用于临床实行角膜移植,解决了我国角膜移植供体不足的情况,目前研究也证明使用猪角膜行LKP治疗感染性角膜炎和FK是安全有效的[40-42]。Zheng等[43]研究中使用猪角膜行DALK联合他克莫司滴眼液治疗FK同样获得满意的疗效。刘志玲等[44]对比人角膜和猪角膜行LKP治疗FK的研究表明,人角膜术后1、3、6个月的角膜植片透明度优于猪角膜,两组术后1 2个月的角膜植片透明度无差异,两组角膜上皮愈合延迟、角膜植片排斥反应、新生血管、原病复发等并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义,猪角膜同样可以实现较好的临床效果,安全性高,预后好。

4 角膜移植术后真菌复发

4.1 复发的影响因素

    一项回顾性观察性研究[29]纳入198例接受PKP的F K患者,回归分析术后真菌复发病例的风险因素,发现病灶浸润面积及角膜植片直径的大小是复发的危险因素,而与真菌菌属种类无关。相关研究[4,28-29,45]认为存在角膜穿孔、前房积脓、感染扩散至角膜缘或晶状体感染伴囊外摘除的情况下,真菌复发的可能性明显较高,虽然有主张认为,早期对难治性F K行PKP干预可以提高成功率,获得更好的治疗效果,但目前仍存在一定程度争议。关于LKP术后真菌复发的研究[4,6,22]则认为和真菌菌属种类有关,由于垂直或斜行生长型菌丝侵袭力强,可能因无法彻底清除菌丝导致复发的风险增高,例如感染曲霉菌的患者复发率显著高于镰刀菌,并且术前存在应用糖皮质激素或免疫抑制剂、前房积脓、内皮斑的患者LKP术后复发率较高。因此FK是否实施LKP、DALK治疗,应根据真菌菌属及感染病灶的具体情况,结合共聚焦显微镜等检查结果,对垂直或斜行生长型菌丝、感染较深伴有微小穿孔的F K需谨慎考虑[22,28]
    根据既往研究[4-7,28,32,33],LKP、DALK手术成功的关键在于彻底清除感染病灶:1 )使用比真菌感染区域大0.25~0.5 mm直径的环钻,确保病灶周边充分切除,尽可能深的切除角膜厚度2/3以上;2 )术中冲洗植床有助于观察感染残留物,若植床透明表面光滑,提示病灶切除干净,若植床灰白色浸润表面毛糙,提示病灶残留,应擦干植床继续切除深层组织,必要时行大泡技术DALK;3)对于植床混浊,难以分辨是炎症反应还是菌丝侵犯所致,可将切下的病灶经10%KOH涂片或显微镜下查找菌丝,若接近后弹力层仍可查见菌丝或术中出现植床穿孔,则改为PKP。

4.2 复发率和复发时间

    史伟云等[4]研 究 899 例 F K 接受角膜移植的患者,最终 5 7 例 (6.34%) 术后出现真菌复发,平均时间为24.5 d,其中PKP和LKP复发率分别为6.79%、5.96%,两者无统计学差异。Mundra等[29]统计198例FK接受PKP的患者,有20例(10.1%)出现真菌复发,时间为(15±9.3)天。Xie等[6]研究218例FK接受LKP的患者,有17例(7.8%)在2~9天(平 均4.5天)出现复发,感染镰刀菌的复发率为5.6%,曲霉菌的复发率则高达19.2%,术前应用糖皮质激素或免疫抑制剂的患者复发率为21.70%,感染侵袭至角膜内皮层或前房的病例复发率为17.02%。Gong等[5]同样认为PKP(81/937,8.6%)与LKP(31/511,6.1%)的复发率无显著差异,术后真菌复发主要集中在早期(≤8天,占82.1%),原因与术中部分菌丝残留有关。赵倩等[7]的研究中在1周内真菌复发的有36例(87.80%),其中镰刀菌28例(75.68%),其次为曲霉菌。总之角膜移植术后真菌复发时间可能与不同菌属毒力、机体免疫力等因素相关,术后2周是观察真菌复发的关键时期。

4.3 复发的临床特征

    术后真菌复发有时候和局部炎症反应难以分辨,但真菌复发仍有其特征:1 )患者诉术眼疼痛等刺激症状加重,视力明显下降;2 )角膜植片水肿混浊加重,上皮难以愈合;3)LKP者出现植床边缘或植片下植床层间灰白色浸润,面积逐渐扩大 ;PKP者多出现植床周边或前房浸润,前房渗出等炎性反应持续加重,出现白色蘑菇状前房积脓、瞳孔前膜状物覆盖或眼内炎等;4 )药物治疗无明显效果。当出现上述情况均提示真菌复发,行角膜刮片涂片、真菌培养、共焦显微镜及组织病理学检查见菌丝,有一项阳性者即可确诊[4-7,19]。赵倩等[7]研究显示:LKP术后真菌复发部位是植床中央或边缘,PKP术后真菌复发部位是植床周边、前房以及眼后段。Gong等[5]的研究中LKP术后唯一复发部位是植床,且80.6%位于中央深部植床,3 1例复发患者都有不同程度的前房反应,其中1 7例存在前房积脓或严重的纤维蛋白渗出;而PKP术后真菌复发部位有植床(85.2%)、前房(17.3%)、眼后段(19.8%)和非典型部位复发(16.0%)。

4.4 其他影响因素

    糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂的应用也是影响真菌复发的关键,作为角膜移植术后的常规用药,糖皮质激素起到抗炎、抑制血管化及抗免疫排斥反应的作用,但众所周知,糖皮质激素与免疫力失调会导致真菌侵袭性的风险增加[10,46]。研究[4-6,20]
发现:使用糖皮质激素是FK的独立危险因素,会导致宿主对真菌的防御能力降低,增强真菌在角膜内的侵袭力,使真菌短期内迅速向深层发展,导致术中难以将病灶清除干净,术后复发率明显高于未接受糖皮质激素治疗的患者。研究[4,6,47]认为:角膜移植术后常规应用抗真菌药物,治疗1~2周后若无复发迹象,可加用低剂量糖皮质激素,对预防真菌复发和免疫排斥反应有积极的意义。但对于术前应用糖皮质激素史、前房积脓、角膜穿孔、病变累及角膜缘以及垂直生长型菌丝等危险因素,应适当推迟糖皮质激素的应用,延长抗真菌药物的治疗时间,同时选择合适的时机使用免疫抑制剂。研究[43,48]表明他克莫司滴眼液相比环孢素滴眼液,具有更好的抑制角膜移植免疫排斥的作用,在术后早期不能使用糖皮质激素时可尽早应用。

5 真菌复发的治疗策略和预后

    赵倩等[7]通过药物或手术治疗真菌复发的总体治愈率为87.80%,单纯使用药物治愈率较差,需要根据不同的复发特征联合手术治疗。Gong等[5]对112例术后真菌复发的患者,给予有针对性的治疗措施,最终有7例(6.3%)因无效而终止治疗,12
例(10.7%)因感染无法控制而接受眼内容物剜出或眼球摘除,总体预后良好患者占83.0%(93/112),且LKP复发预后良好的概率(30/31,96.8%)明显高于PKP复发(63/81,77.8%);112例复发患者中,有5 9例(52.7%)通过药物及病灶切除等治疗方法保留了原有角膜植片,3 4例(30.4%)未能保留原植片,通过更换角膜植片行PKP治疗而最终预后良好。Shi等[4]研究显示:术后真菌复发的57例患者中,47例(82.46%)通过药物治疗(28.07%)或手术治疗(54.39%)治愈,其中单独药物治疗成功的,仅有PKP植床复发但是植片和前房未感染者,以及LKP植床边缘复发的患者;4 4例眼前段(植床和前房)复发的治愈率为97.73%,1 6例通过药物治疗控制,局部病灶切除联合结膜瓣掩盖治愈6例,再次行PKP治愈2 1例,1例放弃治疗;而1 3例眼后段复发者仅有4例治愈(30.77%),6例行眼球摘除术,3例停止治疗。
    综上所述,由于感染菌属不同,手术方式也不同,真菌复发的特征复杂多样。参考以往研究[2,4-8,49]对真菌复发的治疗策略,应首先积极进行药物治疗:1 )根据真菌培养结果,局部给予相应抗真菌药物(如两性霉素B或那他霉素滴眼液,1滴/1 h)和结膜下注射(伏立康唑,1/d);2)对于肝肾功能良好的患者,联合口服(伊曲康唑200 mg,1/d)或静脉注射(伏立康唑4 mg/kg,2/d,首日剂量加倍)。若治疗3~7 d无效,则进行个体化手术治疗:1 )植片下植床层间复发,因抗真菌药物很难穿透角膜植片到达复发区域,可以联合角膜基质注药术,局部形成有效的药物浓度,如果没有明显改善,则更换角膜植片行PKP治疗;2)植床边缘复发,根据复发区域大小和深度选择手术方式,对于复发区域位于植床表层且直径≤2 mm者,可选择病灶切除术联合羊膜移植术或结膜瓣遮盖;复发区域直径>2 mm且累及植床深层者,则行扩大角膜直径的PKP治疗;3)前房复发,可尝试取出脓团并行前房注射药物或前房灌洗,若效果不佳考虑再次行PKP或眼内容物摘除术;4)后段复发或眼内感染,考虑行玻璃体腔注药联合玻璃体切割,有晶状体感染的同时行囊外摘除,若无效则行眼内容物剜出或眼球摘除术。

6 结语

    FK作为治疗棘手的感染性眼病,应做到早诊断、早治疗。除了角膜移植手术外,还有角膜溃疡清创联合冷冻疗法、结膜瓣掩盖术或羊膜移植术等,操作简单、恢复较快、费用低,可以作为早期的治疗方案进行推广,但需对感染浸润深度有较为准确的判断,严格掌握适应证[2,49-51]。 总之,手术方式的选择均应在保证彻底清除病灶的前提下,根据病灶范围、致病菌属以及患者经济情况和医疗条件水平等做出合理选择,降低失败风险和真菌复发率,尽力挽救患者视力。最重要的是,术后所有患者均应密切随访,根据病情变化及时调整用药,一旦出现真菌复发,应根据部位和特征,制订积极的药物治疗方案,必要时果断二次手术,才能获得较好的临床结局。

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