Dry eye syndrome is a common ocular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which often brings a lot of troubles to patients' life and work. With the increase of the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, there are more and more patients with dry eye in clinic, which has attracted more and more attention of medical workers. In recent years, the research on type 2 diabetes combined with dry eye is increasing, which provides a certain clinical basis for better treatment of this disease. This review will be divided into "modern medical cognition" and "traditional Chinese medicine cognition" two sections, on the definition, diagnosis methods, influencing factors, pathogenesis and treatment and other aspects of a comprehensive exposition.
Glycosylation is a crucial post-translational modification occurring at specific sites in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. It plays a significant role in protein stability, cell adhesion, signaling, and epigenetics. In recent years, increasing research has unveiled the involvement of glycosylation in the development of ocular diseases. This review summarizes the progress in glycosylation research related to ocular diseases, aiming to explore the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of regulating protein glycosylation in eye conditions.
Purpose: to report visual function, including uncorrected distant visual acuity(UDVA), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity(UIVA) and uncorrected near visual acuity(UNVA), spectacles independence and safety of multifocal intraocular lenes implanted in eyes after macular surgery. Design: retrospective, nonrandomized, comparative study Participants: eyes enrolled were received cataract surgery with mfIOLs implantation with good recover from macular hole/ epiretinal membrane surgery. Methods: Analysis visual record, subjective refractive outcomes, complications from patients record meeting eligibility criteria (Group M), compare them to healthy subjects (Group C) with matching mfIOLs implantation. Main Outcome Measures: the primary effectiveness outcomes were UDVA, BCDVA, UIVA, UNVA, subjective refraction (sphere, cylinder, and spherical equivalent), defocus testing. Secondary effectiveness outcomes included Amsler grid test, surgical complications, and visual disturbances. Results: BCDVA postoperatively improved in both groups compared to the preoperative period (P=0.000). UCDVA postoperatively improved in both groups compared to the preoperative period (P=0.014 GroupM, 0.011 GroupC). The mean preoperative BCDVA in Group M and Group C was 0.26 ± 0.07 and 0.47 ± 0.29 logMAR, respectively. The mean postoperative BCDVA in Group 1 and Group 2 improved to 0.000 ± 0.037 and -0.04 ± 0.047 logMAR, respectively. The mean postoperative UDVA, UIVA, UNVA in Group M was 0.017±0.037, 0.033±0.094, 0±0.1 logMAR, the mean postoperative UDVA, UIVA, UNVA in Group C was 0±0.1, -0.067±0.047, 0.0167±0.107 logMAR, no significant differences were detected (P=0.349, 0.060,0.255). All patients in both groups achieved spectacles independence in daily life activity. No Visual Disturbances complaint was received. Amsler grid test was negative in all cases. Conclusions: MfIOLs implantation in eyes after macular surgery achieved similar visual function and spectacles independence to healthy eyes with preoperative assessment. Extra caution should be taken in post-vitrectomy eyes during phacoemulsification.
Internal corneal hemorrhage is relatively rare in clinical practice. The clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of a case admitted to the ophthalmology department of Santai County People's Hospital, Mianyang City, Sichuan Province in June 2023 are reported as follows, focusing on the cause and treatment of the disease, in order to improve the understanding of clinicians about this disease.
Red light is visible light with both photochemical and thermal effects. It can activate cytochrome C oxidase in mitochondria, reduce oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the regulatory pathway of photoreceptor cells, and alleviate the ocular inflammation and pain. This article will review the mechanism, effectiveness and safety of red-light therapy in myopia control, amblyopia treatment, retinal and eyelid skin-related diseases.
息肉状脉络膜血管病变(polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,PCV)是亚洲人群中常见的致盲性眼病，发生大出血并发症后严重危害视力且预后差。PCV大出血包括视网膜下出血(subretinal hemorrhage,SRH)和玻璃体积血(vitreous hemorrhage,VH)。SRH的危险因素包括较长病程、簇型PCV、息肉状病灶不消退、合并视网膜色素上皮脱离；其治疗方式包括抗血管内皮生长因子药物、光动力疗法、激光、玻璃体腔注气、眼内注射组织纤溶酶原激活剂、玻璃体切割术或联合治疗等方式，其中，黄斑中心凹是否受累和出血时间是影响治疗方式选择的主要因素。发病年龄较大、白细胞计数较高、天门氨酸转移酶和丙氨酸转氨酶的比值较高、活化部分凝血活酶时间较长、曾行光动力疗法、有玻璃体腔注药治疗史、SRH面积大、出现视网膜色素上皮脱离的PCV患者发生VH的风险高。浓厚的VH通常需行玻璃体切割术，其手术时机和手术方式的选择是临床关注的焦点。综上，目前PCV大出血的危险因素尚不完全明确、治疗方面也尚未达成共识，需要开展相关临床研究，提供更多依据。
Primary pterygium is a non-neoplastic degenerative tissue that grows subepithelially, and its pathogenesis is mainly related to ultraviolet exposure, however, the full mechanism of primary pterygium remains unclear. In recent years, with the development of medical research, it is found that the occurrence and development of primary pterygium are closely related to a variety of factors. Viral infection, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, DNA methylation and other factors have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of pterygium. In addition, imbalances of apoptosis and proliferative proteins, extracellular matrix regulators, and epithelial-mesenchymal cell transformation also play important roles in the pathogenesis of primary pterygium. These can lead to abnormal cell growth and division, which in turn induces the formation of pterygium. However, the interaction between these factors and their specific mechanisms of action in the pathogenesis process still need to be further studied. In this article it reviews the current pathogenesis of primary pterygium, and deeply explores the pathogenesis of primary pterygium and the interaction of different related factors in the pathogenesis of primary pterygium. By understanding the role of different factors in the pathogenesis process, we can provide more precise and effective prevention and treatment strategies for clinical practice, and better treatment outcomes and quality of life for patients.
Purpose: To identify plasma proteins that are causally related to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) for potential therapeutic targeting. Methods: A two-sample MR analysis, supplemented by bidirectional MR, Bayesian co-localization analysis, and phenotype scanning, was conducted to examine the causal relationships between plasma proteins and POAG. The analysis was validated by identifying associations between plasma proteins and POAG-related traits, followed by a systematic evaluation of protein druggability. Results: Eighteen proteins were identified with significant associations with POAG risk after multiple comparison adjustments. The ORs per standard deviation increase in protein levels ranged from 0.39 (95% CI: 0.24–0.62; P = 7.70 × 10-5) for Phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCG1) to 1.29 (95% CI: 1.16–1.44; P = 6.72 × 10-6) for Nidogen-1 (NID1). Five proteins (SEL1L, ROBO1, AXL, NID1, GFER) demonstrated strong genetic linkage to POAG. Further, validation analyses identified nine proteins causally related to POAG traits, with five (IL18R1, IL1R1, PLCG1, RNASE1, SPINK6) revealing consistent directional associations. In addition, 18 causal proteins were highlighted for their druggability, 5 of which are either approved drugs or under clinical trial. Conclusions: This study identifies 18 plasma proteins as potential therapeutic targets for POAG, particularly emphasizing the role of genomic and proteomic integration in drug discovery.
Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) was characterized by the abnormal deposition of the fber-like material intraocularly, and manifested as white or gray, powdery exfoliation material (XFM) on the pupillary border and (or) anterior lens capsule under slit lamp microscopy. XFM could obstruct the trabecular meshwork and cause exfoliation glaucoma (XFG). In addition, XFM that entered aqueous humor circulation could enter bloodstream and result in vascular damage. XFM could enter ocular fundus microvascular and capillary vessels, causing abnormalities of fundus structures and vessels. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), which were based on optical coherence tomography technology, had the advantages of real-time, non-intrusive and high resolution, et al. OCT and OCTA were widely used in detection of fundus structural and vascular abnormalities. Tis study was to review the fundus lesion of XFS on OCT and OCTA.
