Background: Spontaneously resolved primary congenital glaucoma is rare and the mechanism remains unknown. Previous literature described the phenomenon of spontaneous resolution of primary congenital glaucoma, with no further reports on follow-up visits and visual development of patients. We report a case of unilateral spontaneously resolved primary congenital glaucoma at a 7-year follow-up visit and describe the differential development of axial length (AL) between affected eye and healthy eye.
Case Description: A 6-year-old boy firstly presented at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center with expanded corneas and ruptures in Descemet’s membranes (Haab’s striae) and apparently thin retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in the left eye (LE), but normal intraocular pressure (IOP) of both eyes without anti-glaucoma medications or surgeries. At 7-year follow-up, the IOPs of bilateral eyes were stable ranging from 8 to 11 mmHg. A cup to disc ratio and the RNFL was stable in the LE at the following visit. The AL increased almost 3 mm in the right eye (RE) but 1.5 mm in the LE. Without anti-glaucoma medications or surgeries, the primary congenital glaucoma was spontaneously resolved.
Conclusions: It may figure out the development and influence of the affected eye of the patient, including AL and refraction state with regular ophthalmic examination at periodic follow-up.
Background: Axonal degeneration caused by damage to the optic nerve can result in a gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGC), leading to irreversible vision loss. An example of such diseases in humans includes optic nerve degeneration in glaucoma. Glaucoma is characterized by the progressive degeneration of the optic nerve and the loss of RGCs that can lead to loss of vision. The different animal models developed to mimic glaucomatous neurodegeneration, all result in RGC loss consequent optic nerve damage.
Methods: The present article summarizes experimental procedures and analytical methodologies related to one experimental model of glaucoma induced by optic nerve crush (ONC). Point-by-point protocol is reported with a particular focus on the critical point for the realization of the model. Moreover, information on the electroretinogram procedure and the immunohistochemical detection of RGCs are described to evaluate the morpho-functional consequences of ONC.
Discussion: Although the model of ONC is improperly assimilated to glaucoma, then the ONC model simulates most of the signaling responses consequent to RGC apoptosis as observed in models of experimental glaucoma. In this respect, the ONC model may be essential to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of glaucomatous diseases and may help to develop novel neuroprotective therapies.
Background: The complexity of the glaucoma pathophysiology is directly reflected on its experimental modeling for studies about pathological mechanisms and treatment approaches. Currently, a variety of in vivo models are available for the study of glaucoma, although they do not reach an exact reproduction of all aspects characterizing the human glaucoma. Therefore, a comprehensive view of disease onset, progression and treatment efficacy can only be obtained by the integration of outcomes deriving from different experimental models.
Methods: The present article summary experimental procedures and analytical methodologies related with two experimental models of glaucoma belonging to the classes of induced intraocular pressure (IOP)-elevation and genetic models, methyl cellulose (MCE)-induced ocular hypertension and DBA/2J mouse strain. Point-by-point protocols are reported with a particular focus on the critical point for the realization of each model. Moreover, typical strength and drawbacks of each model are described in order to critically handle the outcomes deriving from each model.
Discussion: This paper provides a guideline for the realization, analysis and expected outcomes of two models allowing to study IOP-driven neurodegenerative mechanisms rather than IOP-independent neurodegeneration. The complementary information from these models could enhance the analysis of glaucomatous phenomena from different points of view potentiating the basic and translational study of glaucoma.
Background and Objective: Subthreshold laser technologies and their applications in ophthalmology have greatly expanded in the past few decades. Initially used for retinal diseases such as central serous chorioretinopathy and diabetic macular edema, subthreshold lasers have recently shown efficacy in the treatment of various types of glaucoma. Our primary objectives are to review the clinical applications of subthreshold laser in the context of glaucoma treatment and discuss the mechanisms of different subthreshold laser techniques, including subthreshold selective laser trabeculoplasty (SSLT), micropulse laser trabeculoplasty (MLT), pattern-scanning laser trabeculoplasty (PSLT), titanium laser trabeculoplasty (TLT), and micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC).
Methods: This was a narrative review compiled from literature of PubMed and Google Scholar. The review was performed from March 2021 to October 2021 and included publications in English. We also included information from web pages to cover details of relevant laser systems. We discuss the history of subthreshold laser, recent advancements in subthreshold techniques, and commercially available systems that provide subthreshold capabilities for glaucoma. We highlight basic science and clinical studies that deepen the understanding of treatment mechanisms and treatment effectiveness in the clinical setting respectively. We review commonly used parameters for each technique and provide comparisons to conventional treatments.
Key Content and Findings: We found five distinct types of subthreshold laser used in the management of glaucoma. Numerous subthreshold laser systems are commercially available and can provide this treatment. Therefore, understanding the differences between subthreshold techniques and laser systems will be critical in utilizing subthreshold laser in the clinical setting.
Conclusions: Traditional laser trabeculoplasty (LT) and cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) have shown effectiveness in the treatment of various types of glaucoma but are associated with visible damage to the underlying tissue and adverse effects. Subthreshold laser systems aim to provide the therapeutic effect found in traditional lasers, while minimizing unwanted treatment related effects. Further clinical studies are needed to evaluate the role of subthreshold lasers in the management of glaucoma.
Background: The complexity of the glaucoma pathophysiology is directly reflected on its experimental modeling for studies about pathological mechanisms and treatment approaches. Currently, a variety of in vivo models are available for the study of glaucoma, although they do not reach an exact reproduction of all aspects characterizing the human glaucoma. Therefore, a comprehensive view of disease onset, progression and treatment efficacy can only be obtained by the integration of outcomes deriving from different experimental models.
Methods: The present article summary experimental procedures and analytical methodologies related with two experimental models of glaucoma belonging to the classes of induced intraocular pressure (IOP)-elevation and genetic models, methyl cellulose (MCE)-induced ocular hypertension and DBA/2J mouse strain. Point-by-point protocols are reported with a particular focus on the critical point for the realization of each model. Moreover, typical strength and drawbacks of each model are described in order to critically handle the outcomes deriving from each model.
Discussion: This paper provides a guideline for the realization, analysis and expected outcomes of two models allowing to study IOP-driven neurodegenerative mechanisms rather than IOP-independent neurodegeneration. The complementary information from these models could enhance the analysis of glaucomatous phenomena from different points of view potentiating the basic and translational study of glaucoma.
