Abstract: In a rapidly changing world, there is an increased need to cultivate ophthalmologists who are not only technically capable but also possess the leadership skills required to be at the forefront of change. Ophthalmologists make daily frontline decisions that determine the quality and efficiency of care based on their leadership qualities. However, they also educate, advocate, perform research, run departments and work in practices—all of which require the practice of effective leadership. Although the need for ophthalmic leadership has been recognised, few training programs offer leadership skills as a component of their core curricula, focussing on clinical knowledge with less emphasis on teaching of non-clinical professional competencies. Clinicians who participate in leadership development are more likely to feel empowered to provide patient-centred care, develop a greater self-awareness and confidence to initiate positive change and promote better team alignment. In turn, the ophthalmic profession collectively benefits from effective leadership as organizations are better run, issues are advocated more globally and challenges are address holistically by ophthalmologists who are not merely technically capable surgeons or researchers, but effective communicators and collaborators. In this paper, we explore the role of leadership in the spheres of healthcare and ophthalmology. We discuss the value of leadership across clinical, educational and organisational levels, with specific emphasis on the current state of development and conclude with a series of recommendations to ensure the continued development of effective ophthalmic leaders into the future.

Abstract: In a rapidly changing world, there is an increased need to cultivate ophthalmologists who are not only technically capable but also possess the leadership skills required to be at the forefront of change. Ophthalmologists make daily frontline decisions that determine the quality and efficiency of care based on their leadership qualities. However, they also educate, advocate, perform research, run departments and work in practices—all of which require the practice of effective leadership. Although the need for ophthalmic leadership has been recognised, few training programs offer leadership skills as a component of their core curricula, focussing on clinical knowledge with less emphasis on teaching of non-clinical professional competencies. Clinicians who participate in leadership development are more likely to feel empowered to provide patient-centred care, develop a greater self-awareness and confidence to initiate positive change and promote better team alignment. In turn, the ophthalmic profession collectively benefits from effective leadership as organizations are better run, issues are advocated more globally and challenges are address holistically by ophthalmologists who are not merely technically capable surgeons or researchers, but effective communicators and collaborators. In this paper, we explore the role of leadership in the spheres of healthcare and ophthalmology. We discuss the value of leadership across clinical, educational and organisational levels, with specific emphasis on the current state of development and conclude with a series of recommendations to ensure the continued development of effective ophthalmic leaders into the future.

Background: To investigate and analyze the hospitalization costs of inpatients with primary acute angle closure glaucoma (PACG), and to explores the influencing factors of hospitalization cost and to provide reference for specialized hospitals to carry out clinical pathways.

Methods: The first page diagnostic data of PACG patients’ medical records were collected, and an Excel database was established according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) code. Statistical analysis of hospitalization data was performed using SPSS 17.0 software.

Results: Hospitalization days and clinical pathway which affect the change of the hospitalization cost (P<0.001).

Conclusions: Hospitalization day is an important factor affecting the hospitalization cost, reducing unnecessary hospitalization time can control the increase of hospitalization cost.

Background: To investigate and analyze the hospitalization costs of inpatients with primary acute angle closure glaucoma (PACG), and to explores the influencing factors of hospitalization cost and to provide reference for specialized hospitals to carry out clinical pathways.

Methods: The first page diagnostic data of PACG patients’ medical records were collected, and an Excel database was established according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) code. Statistical analysis of hospitalization data was performed using SPSS 17.0 software.

Results: Hospitalization days and clinical pathway which affect the change of the hospitalization cost (P<0.001).

Conclusions: Hospitalization day is an important factor affecting the hospitalization cost, reducing unnecessary hospitalization time can control the increase of hospitalization cost.

Abstract: Contrast is the differential luminance between one object and another. Contrast sensitivity (CS) quantifies the ability to detect this difference: estimating contrast threshold provides information about the quality of vision and helps diagnose and monitor eye diseases. High contrast visual acuity assessment is traditionally performed in the eye care practice, whereas the estimate of the discrimination of low contrast targets, an important complementary task for the perception of details, is far less employed. An example is driving when the contrast between vehicles, obstacles, pedestrians, and the background is reduced by fog. Many conditions can selectively degrade CS, while visual acuity remains intact. In addition to spatial CS, “temporal” CS is defined as the ability to discriminate luminance differences in the temporal domain, i.e., to discriminate information that reaches the visual cortex as a function of time. Likewise, temporal sensitivity of the visual system can be investigated in terms of critical fusion frequency (CFF), an indicator of the integrity of the magnocellular system that is responsible for the perception of transient stimulations. As a matter of fact, temporal resolution can be abnormal in neuro-ophthalmological clinical conditions. This paper aims at considering CS and its application to the clinical practice.

Background: To evaluate the association between corneal central endothelial cell count (CECC) with reactivity for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV1), and syphilis from an eye bank database.

Methods: Eye bank data included 19,159 donors and 38,318 corneas screened for HBV, HCV, HIV, HTLV1, and syphilis from July 2007–May 2015. Linear and binary mixed effects models were used to determine the adjusted marginal effect a positive viral screening test had on CECC and morphology, respectively. The models were adjusted for age, race, gender, lens status, and death to preservation. Eyes with missing data were excluded from the analysis. Statistical significance was defined as P values <0.05.

Results: A total of 18,097 donors and 35,136 corneas were included in the final analysis. Average CECC for eyes with negative viral screening was 2,597±436 while the average CECC for eyes screening positive for syphilis, HBV, HCV, HIV, and HTLV1 were 2,638±392 (P=0.073), 2,569±419 (P=0.815), 2,603±363 (P=0.207), 2,615±360 (P=0.733), and 2,625±436 (P=0.362) respectively.

Conclusions: The presence of HBV, HCV, HIV, HTLV1, and syphilis display no association with a statistically significant difference in CECC when compared to normal non-diseased donors.

Background: To evaluate the association between corneal central endothelial cell count (CECC) with reactivity for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV1), and syphilis from an eye bank database.

Methods: Eye bank data included 19,159 donors and 38,318 corneas screened for HBV, HCV, HIV, HTLV1, and syphilis from July 2007–May 2015. Linear and binary mixed effects models were used to determine the adjusted marginal effect a positive viral screening test had on CECC and morphology, respectively. The models were adjusted for age, race, gender, lens status, and death to preservation. Eyes with missing data were excluded from the analysis. Statistical significance was defined as P values <0.05.

Results: A total of 18,097 donors and 35,136 corneas were included in the final analysis. Average CECC for eyes with negative viral screening was 2,597±436 while the average CECC for eyes screening positive for syphilis, HBV, HCV, HIV, and HTLV1 were 2,638±392 (P=0.073), 2,569±419 (P=0.815), 2,603±363 (P=0.207), 2,615±360 (P=0.733), and 2,625±436 (P=0.362) respectively.

Conclusions: The presence of HBV, HCV, HIV, HTLV1, and syphilis display no association with a statistically significant difference in CECC when compared to normal non-diseased donors.

Background: To explore the application effect of psychological nursing intervention in patients with traumatic endophthalmitis.

Methods: A total of 90 patients with traumatic endophthalmitis admitted to our hospital from August 2018 to April 2019 were selected as study objects and randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 45 cases in each group. The control group received routine nursing care, and the observation group performed psychological nursing intervention on the basis of the control group. The scores of self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) and nursing satisfaction degree were compared before and after nursing treatment in two groups.

Results: The scores of SAS and SDS of the observation group were better than those of the control group. The score of the nursing satisfaction degree of the observation group was higher than that of the control group, showing statistically significant difference (P<0.05).

Conclusions: Psychological nursing intervention can improve the physical and mental condition of patients with traumatic endophthalmitis, reduce their negative emotions such as anxiety and depression, and improve the satisfaction of nursing. It is worthy of clinical promotion.

Background: To explore the application effect of psychological nursing intervention in patients with traumatic endophthalmitis.

Methods: A total of 90 patients with traumatic endophthalmitis admitted to our hospital from August 2018 to April 2019 were selected as study objects and randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 45 cases in each group. The control group received routine nursing care, and the observation group performed psychological nursing intervention on the basis of the control group. The scores of self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) and nursing satisfaction degree were compared before and after nursing treatment in two groups.

Results: The scores of SAS and SDS of the observation group were better than those of the control group. The score of the nursing satisfaction degree of the observation group was higher than that of the control group, showing statistically significant difference (P<0.05).

Conclusions: Psychological nursing intervention can improve the physical and mental condition of patients with traumatic endophthalmitis, reduce their negative emotions such as anxiety and depression, and improve the satisfaction of nursing. It is worthy of clinical promotion.

Abstract: Presentations using PowerPoint or similar software are probably the most commonly used format that doctors use for teaching in medical school, during residency, at medical meetings and other continuous medical education (CME) activities. However, their effectiveness has been questioned by many. This article intends to provide, in a synthetized way, several recommendations that can help make presentation more effective.

Abstract: Presentations using PowerPoint or similar software are probably the most commonly used format that doctors use for teaching in medical school, during residency, at medical meetings and other continuous medical education (CME) activities. However, their effectiveness has been questioned by many. This article intends to provide, in a synthetized way, several recommendations that can help make presentation more effective.

Abstract: The teaching of professionalism, a key aspect of medical competence that regulates physician’s behavior towards patients, colleagues, society, and self, should be included in the curriculum of every training program. Studies suggest a variety of formats to teach and evaluate professionalism in residents, being role modeling, reflection, case discussions, and 360-degree assessments the most commonly used. However, little is published about the need to train faculty for teaching and evaluating professionalism, or how to improve institutional culture, so that principles that are indicated to teach in theory are also fulfilled in practice.

Abstract: The teaching of professionalism, a key aspect of medical competence that regulates physician’s behavior towards patients, colleagues, society, and self, should be included in the curriculum of every training program. Studies suggest a variety of formats to teach and evaluate professionalism in residents, being role modeling, reflection, case discussions, and 360-degree assessments the most commonly used. However, little is published about the need to train faculty for teaching and evaluating professionalism, or how to improve institutional culture, so that principles that are indicated to teach in theory are also fulfilled in practice.