目的：运用Lea Symbols视力表、HOTV视力表对2.5~5.0岁正常儿童视力发育情况进行探究，并评价2种视力表的应用效果。方法：以随机顺序先后应用Lea Symbols视力表与HOTV视力表对广州地区2所早教中心及3所幼儿园共461例儿童(922只眼)进行单眼视力检查，所有儿童提前1 d行小瞳下检影验光、眼前节裂隙灯检查、眼底情况、眼球活动、眼位检查，筛选无器质性眼病、屈光度在正常范围的儿童作为研究对象。视力值采用5分记录方法表示。结果：1 )可测率(视力表使用配合程度)。407名儿童完成Lea Symbols视力检查，总体可测率92.08%；402名儿童完成HOTV视力检查，总体可测率90.95%；前者可测率高于后者，差异无统计学意义(χ 2 =0.417，P=0.580)。进一步研究发现2种视力的可测率随年龄增长不断提高，儿童3岁之后基本都能完成2种视力的检查。2)2种视力结果及比较(5分记录法表示)。Lea视力值：右眼为4.89±0.05，左眼为4.90±0.05；HOTV视力值：右眼为4.84±0.05，左眼为4.85±0.04；前者视力好于后者，差异有统计学意义(右眼：t=3.171，P=0.003；左眼：t=3.230，P=0.003)。3)视力发育与年龄的相关性。2种视力发育与年龄存在显著正相关(P<0.001)，即随着年龄的增长，视力水平逐渐提高。4)视力发育与眼别、性别的关系。左右眼之间的视力发育差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)；男性儿童的视力发育好于女性，且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：Lea Symbols及HOTV视力表建议用于年龄大于3岁儿童的视力检查，且儿童更容易接受Lea Symbols视力表的检查。伴随年龄的增长，儿童的视力发育呈现提高的趋势；Lea视力优于HOTV视力。视力的发育与眼别无关，男性儿童的视力发育快于女性儿童。

Objective: To conduct a preliminary study of the Lea Symbols and HOTV charts to explore the visual development of children aged 2.5 to 5.0 years, and evaluate the application values of the two charts. Methods: A total of 461 children (922 eyes) in 2 early education centers and 3 kindergartens in Guangzhou were examined by using the Lea Symbols visual acuity chart and HOTV visual acuity chart in random order. All the children underwent low-pupil photometry, anterior section slit-lamp examination, retinal condition, eye movement, and eye position examination 1 day in advance. Children with no organic eye disease and normal diopter were selected as subjects. Visual acuity was recorded with 5 points. Results: 1) Measurable rate (visual acuity chart use degree of cooperation). 407 children completed visual examination of Lea Symbols, with an overall detectable rate of 92.08%; 402 children completed HOTV vision examination, with an overall detectable rate of 90.95%. The detectable rate of the former was higher than that of the latter, but the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 =0.417, P=0.580). Further study found that the detectable rate of both visual acuities increased with age, and children were able to complete both visual acuity tests after the age of 3. 2) Results and comparison of two visual acuity (5-point recording method). The visual acuity of Lea was 4.89±0.05 in the right eye and 4.90±0.05 in the left eye. HOTV visual acuity was 4.84±0.05 in the right eye and 4.85±0.04 in the left eye. The visual acuity of the former was better than that of the latter, the difference was statistically significant (right eye: t=3.171, P=0.003; left eye: t=3.230, P=0.003). 3) Correlation between visual development and age. There was a significant positive correlation between the two types of visual development and age (P<0.001), that is, visual acuity gradually improves with age. 4) The relationship between visual development and eye and sex. There was no difference in visual development between the left and right eyes, but male children had better visual development than female, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Lea Symbols and HOTV visual acuity charts are recommended for visual acuity examination of children over 3 years old, and children are more likely to receive examination of Lea Symbols visual acuity chart. With the growth of age, the visual development of children shows a trend of improvement. Lea vision is superior to HOTV vision. Vision development has nothing to do with the eye, male children’s vision development is faster than female children.

近视防控已经上升为国家战略，眼轴长度是近视防控的重要建档参数。眼轴长度的测量有多种方法，受到年龄、性别、脉络膜厚度等因素的影响。目前，眼轴长度的定义尚未统一，建议建立标准化的定义和方法学，以指导近视防控的临床和科研工作。

The prevention and control of myopia has become a national strategy, and the axial length is an important parameter in the documentation of myopia prevention and control. This review summarized the measurement technology and factors associated with axial length. Axial length can be measured in various ways and can be influenced by age, gender, choroidal thickness, and other factors. A standardized definition of axial length is warranted to be established for clinical and scientific purposes.

非器质性视力下降也称为心因性或功能性视力下降，除视力下降外，还可伴有视野缺损，多由于精神心理疾患导致的转换障碍引起，部分患者为诈病以获取利益。本文报道1例6岁的女性患者，主诉双眼反复视力下降1年余，早期被误诊为儿童视神经炎，给予糖皮质激素冲击治疗，治疗后稍有好转。通过本例患者误诊的教训，提醒我们在遇到儿童出现不明原因的视力下降时，在没有明确器质性疾病证据时要想到非器质性视力下降的可能，掌握识别非器质性视力下降的检查方法，不能忽略相对性传入性瞳孔障碍等基础的神经眼科检查。

Non-organic vision loss is also known as psychogenic or functional vision loss. In addition to vision loss, it can also be accompanied by visual field defect. It is mostly caused by conversion obstacles caused by mental and psychological diseases. Some patients cheat to obtain benefits. This paper reports a 6-year-old female patient who complained of repeated visual acuity decline for more than one year. She was misdiagnosed as pediatric optic neuritis in the early stage and was treated with glucocorticoid shock therapy, which her condition improved slightly after treatment. The misdiagnosis of this patient teaches us that when children have unexplained visual acuity decline, we should think of the possibility of non-organic visual acuity decline when there is no clear evidence of organic diseases, master the examination methods to identify non-organic visual acuity decline, and cannot ignore the basic neuro-ophthalmic examination such as relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD).

目的：获取眼表图像的综合信息，建立眼表疾病综合诊断和评估。方法：将超高分辨率光学相干断层成像仪(ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography，UHR-OCT)与基于裂隙灯生物显微镜的微血管成像系统相结合，开发了一种多模态、非接触式的眼科光学成像平台。结果：UHR-OCT模块在组织中实现轴向分辨率约为2 μm 。眼表微血管成像模块在最大放大倍率下横向分辨率约为3.5 μm。通过集成在裂隙灯显微镜成像光学路径的不同模块，多模态成像平台能够执行实时前段OCT结构成像、结膜微血管成像和传统裂隙灯成像功能。利用自主开发的软件，进一步分析结膜血管网络图像和血流图像，获取血管分形维数、血流速度、血管直径等定量形态学和血流动力学参数。结论：通过在健康受试者和角膜炎患者的在体成像测试，表明多模态眼前段成像设备可为眼科临床应用及人工智能提供结构和功能信息数据。

Objective: To obtain the comprehensive information of the anterior eye image, establish complementary information for the diagnosis and evaluation of ocular diseases. Methods: We developed a multi-modal, non-invasive optical imaging platform by combining ultra-high resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT) with a microvascular imaging system based on slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Results: The uHR-OCT module achieved an axial resolution of approximately 2 μm in tissues. The lateral resolution of the ocular surface microvascular imaging module under maximum magnification was approximately 3.5 μm. By combining the imaging optical paths of different modules, the customized multi-modal eye imaging platform was capable of performing real-time cross-sectional UHR-OCT imaging of the anterior eye, conjunctival vessel network imaging, high-resolution conjunctival blood flow videography, and traditional slit-lamp imaging on a single device. With self-developed software, a conjunctival vessel network image and blood flow videography were further analyzed to acquire quantitative morphological and hemodynamics parameters, including vessel fractal dimensions, blood flow velocity and vessel diameters. Conclusion: The ability of the multi-modal anterior eye imager to provide both structural and functional information for ophthalmic clinical applications can be demonstrated in a healthy human subject and a keratitis patient.

目的：分析人眼的睑板腺形态学特征，探索睑板腺分析系统在眼表疾病的应用研究。方法：中山眼科中心入组正常受试者24例(42眼)，进行睑板腺红外摄影。选取受试者中的10例(20眼)在同型号的设备上由二名操作员分别进行睑板腺红外摄影。图像通过自行设计的分析软件对上睑结膜中央5条腺体形态学参数进行定量分析，对数据进行重复性测试。结果：测量的生物参数腺体直径为(0.48±0.09) mm，腺体长度为(5.25±0.68) mm，腺体面积为(2.12±0.53) mm，腺体形变系数为10.01±3.85，显影值为6.32±1.23，中央五条腺体占中央区域面积百分比为(10.94±2.20)%，腺体占上睑结膜面积百分比为(58.07±8.13)%。各指标两次测量值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。重复性分析结果显示：腺体各项生物参数的变异系数(coefficients of variation，CV)均小于5%，组内变异系数(intraclass correlation coefficient，ICC)均大于0.95。结论：睑板腺综合分析系统对腺体的形态学分析有良好的可靠性和一致性，有望为临床上对睑板腺腺体功能评估提供新的非侵入性参考指标。

Objective: To analyze the morphological characteristics of meibomian glands in human eyes and to explore the application research of meibomian glands analysis system in ocular surface diseases. Methods: A total of 24 healthy subjects were recruited by Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center to infrared photography of meibomian glands. Ten of healthy subjects were selected by the two operators for infrared photography of meibomian glands on the same model of equipment. The images were repeatedly measured and analyzed by the self-designed analysis software on the morphological measurements of the five glands in the center of the upper eyelid. Results: The measured biological parameters are shown below: the average gland diameter was (0.48±0.09) mm, the average gland length was (5.25±0.68) mm, the average gland area was (2.12±0.53) mm, the gland deformation coefficient was 10.01±3.85, the development value was 6.32±1.23, the percentage of the five central glands in the central area was (10.94±2.20)%, and the glands accounted for (58.07±8.13)% of the upper conjunctiva area. There was no statistical difference between the two measurements of each index (P>0.05). Repeatability analysis results showed that coefficients of variation (CV) of all biological parameters of glands were less than 5% and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in both groups were greater than 0.95. Conclusion: The Meibomian Gland Bioimage Analyzer provides good reliability and consistency for morphological measurements of the meibomian gland, and it is expected to provide new non-invasive indicators for clinical assessment of the meibomian glands function.

目的：探索智能语音随访系统在医疗场景中的新型应用服务模式并分析其在新冠肺炎疫情期间的应用效果，以此评估该系统应用于互联网医院开展医疗咨询服务的实际效能。方法：本研究应用智能语音随访系统针对先天性白内障患儿术后的常见问题进行回访。首先，针对随访目的，设计出完善的结构化随访内容与步骤。其次，部署智能外呼系统自动拨打用户电话，并通过语音识别技术对用户的每次应答进行识别，根据用户的应答自动跳转到下一个随访步骤，在完成一系列问答后根据用户的回答给出恰当的建议，实现电话随访的自动化与智能化。收集2020年2月24日至2月28日期间，智能语音随访系统随访的电话内容、呼叫时间、患儿资料等数据，采用描述性统计分析。结果：2020年2月24日至2月28日期间，中山大学中山眼科中心应用智能语音随访系统电话共随访1154例，其中收到有效回访数据561例，平均有效回访率48.6%。有效回访人群中，有204位(36.4%)家属认为疫情期间复诊时间延长，对宝宝眼睛的恢复有影响，309位(55.1%)家属认为对宝宝眼睛的恢复没有影响。360位(64.2%)先天性白内障患儿眼睛恢复情况良好，没有出现不良反应，169位(30.1%)患儿出现不良反应和体征，包括瞳孔区有白点，眼睛发红和有眼屎流眼泪等。统计患儿不同行为显示，有417位(74.3%)患儿佩戴眼镜，135位(24.1%)患儿没有佩戴眼镜，另有9位(1.6%)患儿佩戴眼镜情况不清楚，经常揉眼的患儿更容易出现眼睛发红(20.4%)、眼睛有眼屎或流眼泪(17.0%)和瞳孔区有白点(6.8%)等不良反应。结论：智能语音随访系统在临床随访中显示出巨大的应用潜力，可作为一种新型的智能医疗服务模式。

Objective: This study was designed to explore its potential value for new medical service model based on the intelligent voice follow-up system and analyze its application effect during the outbreak of COVID-19. The actual effectiveness of this intelligent voice follow-up system applied in the Internet hospital to carry out medical consultation service was discussed. Methods: In this study, an intelligent voice follow up system was developed for postoperative follow-up of children with congenital cataract. First, a well-designed and structured questionnaire contents were developed for postoperative follow-up. Secondly, the intelligent voice follow-up system was deployed. The system would automatically jump to the next follow-up step according to the user’s response, and give appropriate suggestions. Finally, the data of telephone recording, call time, children’s attributes were collected and statistically analyzed. Results: From February 24 to March 15, 2020, 561 families of children with congenital cataract from Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center were recruited by using the intelligent voice follow-up system. The system completed a total of 1 154 calls, of which 561 cases received follow-up data, reaching an average effective call rate of 48.6%. Among 561 cases, 204 (36.4%) thought that the extended time of follow-up visit would affect the recovery of children, while 309 (55.1%) thought that it exerted no effect on the recovery. 360 children (64.2%) achieved good ocular recovery without complications, whereas 169 cases (30.1%) developed ocular symptoms. These include white spots in the pupil area, redness and eye secretions. Statistics of different behavior of children showed that there were 417 (74.3%) children wearing glasses, 135 (24.1%) children did not wear glasses, another 9 (1.6%) children wearing glasses were not clear, often rubbing the eyes of children were more likely to appear redness (20.4%), eye secretions (17.0%) and white spots in the pupil area (6.8%) and other adverse reactions. Conclusion: The intelligent voice follow-up system shows great application potential in clinical follow-up, which can be employed as a new service mode of intelligent medical treatment.

目的：针对活体共聚焦显微镜(in vivo confocal microscopy，IVCM)和传统光学相干层析技术(optical coherence tomography，OCT)在人眼角膜成像各自存在成像视野小或无法细胞成像的限制，开发具有高分辨率的非接触全视场光学相干层析系统(full-field optical coherence tomography，FFOCT)，实现活体人眼角膜细胞结构FFOCT成像。方法：FFOCT系统采用高数值孔径干燥显微物镜及高速面阵相机，使用双相位调制图像处理方法，实现系统高速高分辨率非接触成像。利用系统对健康人眼进行角膜各深度层的活体FFOCT成像验证其可行性。结果：本研究团队研发了FFOCT的新型活体人眼角膜高分辨率成像系统，实现理论平面成像分辨率1.7 μm，成像视野1.26 mm×1.26 mm，成像速率达275帧/s。利用该系统对正常活体人眼角膜成像实验，在非接触情况下获取了角膜各主要结构层的高分辨率结构影像。结论：FFOCT高分辨率活体人眼角膜成像系统兼具了传统OCT的非接触、大成像视野及IVCM的细胞级别平面分辨率的优势，将为角膜疾病的研究及临床诊疗提供全新的成像分析技术。

Objective: Due to the limitations of small imaging field of view of in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) or the incapability of cellular imaging of traditional optical coherence tomography (OCT) in human corneal imaging, this study was designed to develop a novel high-resolution in vivo human corneal imaging system based on full-field OCT (FFOCT). Methods: The FFOCT system utilized a high numerical aperture air immersion microscope objective and a high-speed area array CMOS camera with two-phase modulation image processing algorithm to achieve high-speed high-resolution non-contact imaging of human cornea. To verify its feasibility, in vivo cornea imaging at different depth was performed on a healthy human subject. Results: The FFOCT system achieved a theoretical lateral imaging resolution of 1.7 μm, an imaging field of view of 1.26 mm×1.26 mm, and an imaging rate of 275 Hz/s. High-resolution FFOCT images of the main structural layers of cornea were achieved by imaging a healthy human cornea in vivo with this system in a non-contact way. Conclusion: The FFOCT human corneal imaging system combines the advantages of the non-contractness and the large imaging field of view of traditional OCT with the cellular lateral resolution of IVCM, potentially providing a new imaging system for the research and clinical diagnosis and treatment of corneal diseases.

目的：对视网膜光学相干断层扫描图像中不同层和积液区域的分割。方法：提出一种基于深度学习的轻量级的神经网络，参考DRUNet体系、膨胀卷积和残差网络的架构，通过连接不同深度网络处得到的上采样输出，进行多尺度特征融合，使网络能够更好地识别出图像中的边界信息。结果：改进型DRUNet显著提升了视网膜分层的效果，准确率较U-Net提高了1.25%，同时能提前1~2次迭代达到传统U-Net的准确度。结论：本文采用的网络结构提高了对视网膜光学相干断层扫描图像的分割性能，同时降低了网络参数，具有强大的应用潜力。

Objective: To achieve the segmentation of different layers and fluid areas on the optical coherence tomography (OCT) image of the retina. Methods: A lightweight neural network based on deep learning was proposed. The network structure adopted in this study was designed based on the architecture of dilated-residual U-Net. By connecting the upsampling output obtained at different depth networks, multi-scale feature fusion was performed to enable the system to accurately identify the boundaries on the OCT image. Results: Compared with U-Net, this algorithm could achieve the same accuracy with 1–2 epochs less, and the accuracy was also improved by 1.25%. Conclusion: The proposed network improves the segmentation performance of retinal OCT images, and reduces the number of parameters, which demonstrates the network has great application potential.

目的：评估白内障人工智能辅助诊断系统在社区筛查中的应用效果。方法：采用前瞻性观察性研究方法对白内障人工辅助诊断系统的应用效果进行分析，结合远程医疗的模式，由社区卫生人员对居民进行病史采集、视力检查和裂隙灯眼前节检查等，将数据上传至云平台，由白内障人工智能辅助诊断系统和人类医生依次进行白内障评估。结果：受检人群中男性所占比例为35.7%，年龄中位数为66岁，裂隙灯眼前节照片有98.7%的图像质量合格。该白内障人工智能辅助诊断系统在外部验证集中检出重度白内障的曲线下面积为0.915。在人类医生建议转诊的病例中，有80.3%也由人工智能系统给出了相同的建议。结论：该白内障人工智能辅助诊断系统在白内障社区筛查的应用中具有较好的可行性和准确性，为开展社区筛查疾病提供了参考依据。

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of an artificial intelligence-assisted diagnostic system for cataract screening in community. Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out based on a telemedicine platform. Patient history, medical records and anterior ocular segment images were collected and transmitted from community healthcare centers to Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center for evaluation by both ophthalmologists and artificial intelligence-assisted cataract diagnostic system. Results: Of all enumerated subjects, 35.7% were male and the median age was 66 years old. Of all enumerated slit-lamp images, 98.7% met the requirement of acceptable quality. This artificial intelligence-assisted diagnostic system achieved an AUC of 0.915 for detection of severe cataracts in the external validation dataset. For subjects who were advised to be referred to tertiary hospitals by doctors, 80.3% of them received the same suggestion from this artificial intelligence-assisted diagnostic system.Conclusion: This artificial intelligence-assisted cataract diagnostic system showed high applicability and accuracy in community-based cataract screening and could be a potential model of care in community-based disease screening.

眼科人工智能技术在实践中不断发展，如大数据应用、图像信息分析、机器人时代等，现在又迈上促进生物识别精确化的新台阶，这些实践应用都能更好地保护视器官，使之具备正常视功能，展示出独特的视觉信息特色。眼科人工智能技术不断开辟新领域，取得了诸多新成就。

The application of artificial intelligence technology in ophthalmology has been on the agenda, and has continued to progress in practice, such as the application of big data, image information analysis, the era of robotics, and now it is on a new step to promote the accuracy of biometrics. These are protections for the visual organs and the vision, make they have normal visual function, and display unique characteristic of visual information. The “eye and artificial intelligence” has continuously opened up new fields and achieved new successes.